Money, money circulation and credit - стр. 13
In order to decide the problem of an international liquidity the International Monetary Fund constituted the special drawing rights (SDR). Initially in 1970 for one SDR a fixed gold content was hardly as for US dollar – 0.888671 g of pure gold. On Decenber, 1971 one more attempt was tried in order to stabilize the foreign exchange rates. The US dollar was devalued in relation to gold: from 35 U.S. dollar an ounce to 38 U.S. dollar an ounce.
On February, 1973 the US dollar was devalued for the second time and an exchange market should be closed for several weeks. In this regard most of the countries came to the system of floating rates. However after two devaluations of the US dollar and the «floating» foreign exchange rates introduction from July 1>st 1974 the SDR unit value began to be determined on the basis of «currency basket:, i.e. the average weighted foreign exchange rate of the 16 leading capitalist countries the share of external trade of which constituted not less than 1 % of the world trade quantum.
From January 1>st, 1981 the quantity of currencies in the «currency basket» was decreased to five after what its content is subject to review every five years. However the countries of EES were not satisfied with the SDR system functioning and its close link with the US dollar.
From March 13>th, 1979 the European Monetary System began to function which consisted of 8 countries of the «Common Market» (Germany, France, Benelux, Italy, Ireland, Denmark). For the European Monetary System member countries a European Currency Unit ECU was introduced.
ECU is a paperless monetary unit in a type of account record in the member countries’ central banks. The value of ECU is determined on the basis of the average weighted exchange rate of these 12 governments. In order to determine a share ofthis or those currency in ECU the GNP (gross national products) of the member countries were matched.
A new stage of the West European integration development was the program of the currency and economic union creation which was established by Jacques Delors’s committee in April, 1989. Delors’s plan stipulated the creation of the Common Market, the EU competition motivation, the coordination of economy, budget and tax policies in order to control the inflation, to stabilize the prices and economy growth, the general government deficit minimisation and the cover methods improvement. On the basis of Delors’s plan to December, 1991 the Maastricht Treaty about the European Union was worked out which stipulated a stagewise formation of a currency economic union.