Сверхнормальные. Истории, которые делают нас сильнее

Псевдоним Белл Хукс Глория взяла в честь бабушки, но писала его с маленькой буквы. Прим. пер.

Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Boston: South End Press, 1999), 9.

Автор цитаты точно неизвестен, обычно эти слова приписывают Майе Энджелоу.

Американская писательница, поэтесса и мотивационный оратор. Прим. ред.

American Psychological Association, «The Road to Resilience», по состоянию на 29 августа, 2016, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx; см. также Suniya S. Luthar and Dante Cicchetti, «The Construct of Resilience: Implications for Interventions and Social Policies», Development and Psychopathology 12, no. 4 (2000): 857–885; Ann S. Masten, «Resilience in Children Threatened by Extreme Adversity: Frameworks for Research, Practice, and Translational Synergy», Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 2 (2011): 493–506; Ann S. Masten and Jenifer L. Powell, «A Resilience Framework for Research, Policy, and Practice», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Suniya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 1–25; Jennifer R. Riley and Ann S. Masten, «Resilience in Context», in Resilience in Children, Families, and Communities: Linking Context to Practice and Policy, eds. Ray D. Peters, Bonnie Leadbeater, and Robert J. McMahon (New York: Springer, 2005), 13–25.

Dante Cicchetti and Jennifer A. Blender, «A Multiple-Levels-of-Analysis Perspective on Resilience», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094, no. 1 (2006): 248–258.

Margaret O’Dougherty Wright, Ann S. Masten, and Angela J. Narayan, «Resilience Processes in Development: Four Waves of Research on Positive Adaptations in the Context of Adversity», in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks (New York: Springer, 2012), 19.

Определения психологической устойчивости взяты из Free Dictionary, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, http://www.freedictionary.com.

Dante Cicchetti and Jennifer A. Blender, «A Multiple-Levels-of-Analysis Perspective on Resilience», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094, no. 1 (2006): 248–258; Suniya S. Luthar, Dante Cicchetti, and Bronwyn Becker, «The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work», Child Development 71, no. 3 (2000): 543–562; Suniya S. Luthar, Jeanette A. Sawyer, and Pamela J. Brown, «Conceptual Issues in Studies of Resilience: Past, Present, and Future Research», Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1094 (2006): 105–115.

Victor Goertzel and Mildred George Goertzel, Cradles of Eminence: A Provocative Study of the Childhoods of Over 400 Famous Twentieth-Century Men and Women (New York: Little, Brown, 1962); Victor Goertzel et al., Cradles of Eminence: Childhoods of More than Seven Hundred Famous Men and Women (Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press, 2004).

Victor Goertzel and Mildred George Goertzel, Cradles of Eminence: A Provocative Study of the Childhoods of Over 400 Famous Twentieth-Century Men and Women (New York: Little, Brown, 1962); Victor Goertzel et al., Cradles of Eminence: Childhoods of More than Seven Hundred Famous Men and Women (Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press, 2004).

Victor Goertzel et al., Cradles of Eminence: Childhoods of More than Seven Hundred Famous Men and Women (Scottsdale, AZ: Great Potential Press, 2004), 133.

Letters of Mrs. Adams: The Wife of John Adams (Boston: Wilkins, Carter, 1848), 111.

Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies in Hysteria (Boston: Beacon Press, 1950).

Цит. по Anais Nin, In Favor of the Sensitive Man, and Other Essays (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1976), 14; эти слова также приписываются Фрейду и даже высечены на стене музея Фрейда в Вене.

Alexander Pope, Moral Essays, epis.i, line 149.

Norman Garmezy, «The Study of Competence in Children at Risk for Severe Psychopathology», in The Child in His Family. Vol. 3, Children at Psychiatric Risk, eds. Elwyn J. Anthony and PG. Koupernik (New York: Wiley, 1974), 77–97; Norman Garmezy, «Stress, Competence, and Development: Continuities in the Study of Schizophrenic Adults, Children Vulnerable to Psychopathology, and the Search for Stress-Resistant Children», American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 57, no. 2(1987): 159–174; Norman Garmezy, «Vulnerability Research and the Issue of Primary Prevention», American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 41, no. 1 (1971): 101–116; Ann S. Mastenand Auke Tellegen, «Resilience in Developmental Psychopathology: Contributions of the Project Competence Longitudinal Study», Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 2(2012): 345–361.

Michael Rutter, «Maternal Deprivation, 1972–1978: New Findings, New Concepts, New Approaches», Child Development 50, no. 2 (1979): 283–305; Michael Rutter, «Protective Factors in Children’s Responses to Stress and Disadvantage», Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 8, no. 3(1979): 324–338.

Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Vulnerable but Invincible: A Study of Resilient Children (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982).

Lois B. Murphy and Alice E. Moriarty, Vulnerability, Coping and Growth from Infancy to Adolescence (Oxford, UK: Yale University Press, 1976).

Manfred Bleuler, The Schizophrenic Disorders: Long-Term Patient and Family Studies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978).

Elwyn J. Anthony and Bertram J. Cohler, eds., The Invulnerable Child (New York: Guilford, 1987); see p. ix.

Norman Garmezy, «Vulnerability Research and the Issue of Primary Prevention», American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 41, no. 1 (1971): 101–116; see p. 114.

Stephen E. Buggie, «Superkids of the Ghetto», Contemporary Psychology 40, no. 12 (1995): 1164–1165; Carol Kauffman et al., «Superkids: Competent Children of Psychotic Mothers», American Journal of Psychiatry 136, no. 11 (1979): 1398–1402; Maya Pines, «Superkids», Psychology Today 12, no. 8 (1979): 53.

Elwyn J. Anthony, «The Syndrome of the Psychologically Invulnerable Child», in The Child in His Family. Vol. 3, Children at Psychiatric Risk, eds. Elwyn J. Anthony and PG. Koupernik (New York: Wiley, 1974), 529–544; Elwyn J. Anthony and Bertram J. Cohler, eds., The Invulnerable Child (New York: Guilford, 1987); Norman Garmezy, «Vulnerability Research and the Issue of Primary Prevention», American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 41, no. 1 (1971): 101–116; Maya Pines, «In Praise of ‘Invulnerables’», APA Monitor (December 1975), 7.

Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Vulnerable but Invincible: A Longitudinal Study of Resilient Children and Youth (New York: Adams, Bannister, Cox, 1982),

Elwyn J. Anthony, «A New Scientific Region to Explore», in The Child in His Family. Vol. 4, Vulnerable Children, eds. Elwyn J. Anthony and PG. Koupernik (New York: Wiley, 1978), 3–16.

Elwyn J. Anthony, «Risk, Vulnerability, and Resilience: An Overview», in The Invulnerable Child, eds. Elwyn J. Anthony and Bertram J. Cohler (New York: Guilford, 1987), 3–48; цит. по p. 41.

Julius Segal and Herbert PG. Yahraes, Child’s Journey (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978), 297.

Резюме об этом якобы «коротком списке» см. Margaret O’Dougherty Wright, Ann S. Masten, and Angela J. Narayan, «Resilience Processes in Development: Four Waves of Research on Positive Adaptations in the Context of Adversity,” in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks(New York: Springer, 2012), 21; см. также Suniya S. Luthar, ed., Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Suniya S. Luthar, «Resilience in Development: A Synthesis of Research Across Five Decades», in Developmental Psychopathology: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, vol. 3, 2nd ed., eds. Dante Cicchetti and Donald J. Cohen (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006), 739–795; Suniya S. Luthar, Dante Cicchetti, and Bronwyn Becker, «The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work», Child Development 71, no. 3 (2000): 543–562; Ann S. Masten, «Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development», American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 227–238; Ann S. Masten and Jelena Obradovicґ, «Competence and Resilience in Development», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094, no. 1 (2006): 13–27; Ann S. Masten and Jenifer L. Powell, «A Resilience Framework for Research, Policy, and Practice», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Suniya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), table on p. 13; Jennifer R. Riley and Ann S. Masten, «Resilience in Context», in Resilience in Children, Families, and Communities: Linking Context to Practice and Policy, eds. Ray D. Peters, Bonnie Leadbeater, and Robert J. McMahon (New York: Springer, 2005), 13–25; Michael Rutter, «Resilience Reconsidered: Conceptual Considerations, Empirical Findings, and Policy Implications», in Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, 2nd ed., eds. Jack P. Shonkoff and Samuel J. Meisels (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 651–682; also see Chris R. Brewin, Bernice Andrews, and John D. Valentine, «Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Trauma-Exposed Adults», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 68, no. 5 (2000): 748–766; Ann S. Masten, Karin M. Best, and Norman Garmezy, «Resilience and Development: Contributions from the Study of Children Who Overcome Adversity», Development and Psychopathology 2, no. 4 (1990):425–444; Ann S. Masten et al., «Competence in the Context of Adversity: Pathways 307 to Resilience and Maladaptation from Childhood to Late Adolescence», Development and Psychopathology 11, no. 1 (1999): 143–169; Michael Rutter, «Maternal Deprivation, 1972–1978: New Findings, New Concepts, New Approaches», Child Development 50, no. 2(1979): 283–305; Michael Rutter, «Protective Factors in Children’s Responses to Stress and Disadvantage», Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 8, no. 3 (1979): 324–338; Emmy E. Werner, «Resilience in Development», Current Directions in Psychological Science 4, no. 3 (1995): 81–85.

Dante Cicchetti and Jennifer A. Blender, «A Multiple-Levels-of-Analysis Perspective on Resilience», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094, no. 1 (2006): 248–258; Suniya S. Luthar, Dante Cicchetti, and Bronwyn Becker, «The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work», Child Development 71, no. 3 (2000): 543–562; Ella Vanderbilt-Adriance and Daniel S. Shaw, «Conceptualizing and Re-Evaluating Resilience Across Levels of Risk, Time, and Domains of Competence», Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 11, no. 1–2(2008): 30–58; см. также Urie Bronfenbrenner, The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979).

Ann S. Masten, «Ordinary Magic: Resilience Processes in Development», American Psychologist 56, no. 3 (2001): 235.

Byron Egeland, Elizabeth Carlson, and L. Alan Sroufe, «Resilience as Process», Development and Psychopathology 5, no. 4 (1993): 517–528; Edmund W. Gordon and Lauren Dohee Song, «Variations in the Experience of Resilience», in Educational Resilience in Inner-City America: Challenges and Prospects, eds. Margaret PG. Wang and Edmund W. Gordon (New York: Routledge, 1994): 27–43; Howard A. Liddle, «Contextualizing Resiliency», in Educational Resilience in Inner-City America: Challenges and Prospects, eds. Margaret PG. Wang and Edmund W. Gordon (New York: Routledge, 1994): 167–178; Suniya S. Luthar, Dante Cicchetti, and Bronwyn Becker, «The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work», Child Development 71, no. 3 (2000):543–562; Jennifer R. Riley and Ann S. Masten, «Resilience in Context», in Resilience in Children, Families, and Communities: Linking Context to Practice and Policy, eds. Ray D. Peters, Bonnie Leadbeater, and Robert J. McMahon (New York: Springer, 2005), 13–25; John E. Schulenberg, Arnold J. Sameroff, and Dante Cicchetti, «The Transition to Adulthood as a Critical Juncture in the Course of Psychopathology and Mental Health», Development and Psychopathology 16 (2004): 799–806; Ella Vanderbilt-Adriance and Daniel S. Shaw, «Conceptualizing and Re-Evaluating Resilience Across Levels of Risk, Time, and Domains of Competence», Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 11, no. 1–2(2008): 30–58; Tuppett M. Yates, B. Egeland, and Alan Sroufe, «Rethinking Resilience», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Suniya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 243–266.

Ann S. Masten and Jenifer L. Powell, «A Resilience Framework for Research, Policy, and Practice», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Suniya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 1–25; see quote on p. 6.

Robert F. Anda et al., «The Enduring Effects of Abuse and Related Adverse Experiences in Childhood», European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 256, no. 3 (2006): 174–186; Joan Kaufman et al., «Problems Defining Resiliency: Illustrations from the Study of Maltreated Children», Development and Psychopathology 6, no. 1 (1994): 215–229; Julien Worland et al., «St. Louis Risk Research Project: Comprehensive Progress Report of Experimental Studies», in Children at Risk for Schizophrenia: A Longitudinal Perspective, eds. Norman F. Watt et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 105–147.

Kara Coombes and Ruth Anderson, «The Impact of Family of Origin on Social Workers from Alcoholic Families», Clinical Social Work Journal 28, no. 3 (2000): 281–302; Suniya S. Luthar, «Resilience in Development: A Synthesis of Research Across Five Decades», in Developmental Psychopathology: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation, Vol. 3, 2nd ed., eds. Dante Cicchetti and Donald J. Cohen (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006), 739–795; Suniya S. Luthar, «Vulnerability and Resilience: A Study of High-Risk Adolescents», Child Development 62, no. 3 (1991): 600–616; Suniya S. Luthar, Dante Cicchetti, and Bronwyn Becker, «The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work», Child Development 71, no. 3 (2000): 543–562; Ella Vanderbilt-Adriance and Daniel S. Shaw, «Conceptualizing and Re-Evaluating Resilience Across Levels of Risk, Time, and Domains of Competence», Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 11, no. 1–2(2008): 30–58.

Heinz Hartmann, Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation (New York: International Universities Press, 1939).

Donald Winnicott, «Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena: A Study of the First Not-Me Possession», International Journal of Psychoanalysis 34(1953): 89–97.

Национальный институт психического здоровья, The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America, по состоянию на 29 августа, 2016, http://www.lb7.uscourts.gov/documents/12-cv-1072url2.pdf; Национальная медицинская библиотека США и Национальный институт психического здоровья (2009) перечисляют следующие характеристики хорошего родительства: обеспечение безопасности, любовь, дисциплина, умение слушать ребенка, тесное общение с ребенком, отслеживание его занятий и умение служить для него хорошей моделью для подражания.

Bruce S. McEwen, «Stressed or Stressed Out: What Is the Difference?», Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 30, no. 5 (2005): 315–318.

Heinz Hartmann, Ego Psychology and the Problem of Adaptation (New York: International Universities Press, 1939): 71.

Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, «Adverse Childhood Experiences Reported by Adults – Five States, 2009», Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 59, no. 49 (2010): 1609–1613, https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5949a1.htm; похожие, но другие определения приводятся в Maxia Dong et al., «The Interrelatedness of Multiple Forms of Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction», Child Abuse and Neglect 28, no. 7 (2004): 771–784; Vincent J. Felitti et al., «Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study», American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258; Jennifer S. Middlebrooks and Natalie PG. Audage, «The Effects of Childhood Stress on Health Across the Lifespan», Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, по состоянию на September 1, 2016, http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/932/1/Childhood_Stress.pdf.

Paula S. Nurius, Edwina Uehara, and Douglas F. Zatzick, «Intersection of Stress, Social Disadvantage, and Life Course Processes: Reframing Trauma and Mental Health», American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 16, no. 2 (2013): 91–114.

Vincent J. Felitti et al., «Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study», American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258.

Margaret O’Dougherty Wright, Ann S. Masten, and Angela J. Narayan, «Resilience Processes in Development: Four Waves of Research on Positive Adaptations in the Context of Adversity», in Handbook of Resilience in Children, eds. Sam Goldstein and Robert B. Brooks (New York: Springer, 2012), 17.

B. B. Robbie Rossman, «Time Heals All: How Much and for Whom?», Journal of Emotional Abuse 2, no. 1 (2000): 31–50.

Maxia Dong et al., «The Interrelatedness of Multiple Forms of Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Household Dysfunction», Child Abuse and Neglect 28, no. 7 (2004): 771–784.

Ernst Kris, «The Recovery of Childhood Memories in Psychoanalysis», The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 11 (1956): 54–88.

Психоаналитики и другие клиницисты давно признали аддитивное воздействие сравнительно небольших стрессовых факторов. В 1895 году Зигмунд Фрейд писал о «частичных травмах», объясняя, что разные негативные переживания «объединяются и налагаются друг на друга, поскольку являются компонентами одной и той же истории страданий». См. Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud (1893–1895), Studies on Hysteria, Standard Edition 2 (London: Hogarth, 1955), 6; Henry Krystal and John H. Krystal, Integration and Self-Healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia (NewYork: Routledge, 2009), 141. Кроме того, в 1986 году Джеймс Энтони рассказал о «микронесчастьях» – крошечных трагедиях, которые ежедневно врываются в жизнь некоторых детей в домах их родителей. См. E. James Anthony, «Terrorizing Attacks on Children by Psychotic Parents», Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 25, no. 3 (1986): 326–335.

M. Masud Kahn, «The Concept of Cumulative Trauma», The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 18 (1962): 286–306.

M. Masud Kahn, «The Concept of Cumulative Trauma», Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 18 (1963): 286–306; quote on p. 291.

Danya Glaser, «Child Abuse and Neglect and the Brain – A Review», Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41, no. 1 (2000): 97–116; Jennifer S. Middlebrooks and Natalie PG. Audage, «The Effects of Childhood Stress on Health Across the Lifespan», Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2016 года, http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/932/1/Childhood_Stress.pdf; Jack P. Shonkoff, W. Thomas Boyce, and Bruce S. McEwen, «Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities: Building a New Framework for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention», Journal of the American Medical Association 301, no. 21 (2009): 2252–2259; Jack P. Shonkoff et al., «The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress», Pediatrics 129, no. 1 (2012): e232–e246; R. Jay Turner and Donald A. Lloyd, «Lifetime Traumas and Mental Health: The Significance of Cumulative Adversity», Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36, no. 4 (1995): 60–376; Bessel A. van der Kolk, «The Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology of PTSD», Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 16, no. S1 (2001): S49–S64.

Jack P. Shonkoff et al., «The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress», Pediatrics 129, no. 1 (2012): e232–e246.

По словам Ричарда Лазаруса, «стресс возникает, когда люди осознают, что не могут адекватно справляться с предъявляемыми им требованиями или угрозами своему благополучию». См. Richard Lazarus, Psychological Stress and the Coping Process (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966). Современные ученые и клиницисты признают наличие трех видов стресса: позитивного, терпимого и токсичного. Позитивный стресс связан с нашим отношением к среднеожидаемым проблемам, которые являются неизменной частью человеческой жизни, например, ребенок идет в первый класс или впервые в жизни выступает на сцене, играя на фортепиано, подросток устраивается на свою первую работу на неполный рабочий день. Терпимый стресс выходит за рамки среднеожидаемого; это сильно расстраивающие и выбивающие из колеи, но непродолжительные переживания, такие как неожиданная смерть близкого человека, автомобильная авария или серьезная травма. Позитивный и терпимый стресс относительно мимолетны, и при условии достаточной заботы и внимания со стороны взрослых и наличия «буфера», защищающего ребенка от негативного влияния внешней среды, дети могут выйти из этих ситуаций даже более сильными и закаленными, чем прежде. В отличие от позитивного или терпимого стресса токсический стресс не проходит. Это длительное и частое негативное воздействие, особенно пагубное при отсутствии адекватной поддержки. См. Jennifer S. Middlebrooks and Natalie PG. Audage, «The Effects of Childhood Stress on Health Across the Lifespan», центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, Национальный центр по предупреждению и контролю травматизма, по состоянию на September 1, 2016, http://health-equity.lib.umd.edu/932/1/Childhood_Stress.pdf; Bridget M. Kuehn, «AAP: Toxic Stress Threatens Kids’ Long-Term Health», Journal of the American Medical Association 312, no. 6 (2014): 585–586; Jack P. Shonkoff et al., «The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress», Pediatrics 129, no. 1 (2012): e232–e246.

Steven P. Broglio et al., «Cumulative Head Impact Burden in High School Football», Journal of Neurotrauma 28, no. 10 (2011): 2069–2078; Philip H. Montenigro et al., «Cumulative Head Impact Exposure Predicts Later-Life Depression, Apathy, Executive Dysfunction, and Cognitive Impairment in Former High School and College Football Players», Journal of Neurotrauma 34, no. 2 (2017): 328–340.

«Breaking the Silence on Child Abuse: Protection, Prevention, Intervention, and Deterrence», свидетельство Роберта Блока от имени Американской академии педиатрии перед комитетом Сената на слушании по вопросам здравоохранения, образования, труда и пенсионного обеспечения, 13 декабря 2011 года, по состоянию на 2 сентября 2016 года, http://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/breaking-the-silence-on-child-abuse-protection-prevention-intervention-and-deterrence.

Corina Benjet, Guilherme Borges, and Maria Elena Medina-Mora, «Chronic Childhood Adversity and Onset of Psychopathology During Three Life Stages: Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood», Journal of Psychiatric Research 44, no. 11 (2010): 732–740; Vincent J. Felitti et al., «Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences(ACE) Study», American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–258; Norman Garmezy, Ann S. Masten, and Auke Tellegen, «The Study of Stress and Competence in Children: A Building Block for Developmental Psychopathology», Child Development 55, no. 1 (1984): 97–111; Richard S. Lazarus and Susan Folkman, Stress, Appraisal, and Coping (New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1984).

James Hamblin, «Why Succeeding Against the Odds Can Make You Sick», New York Times, January 27, 2017, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/opinion/sunday/why-succeeding-against-the-odds-can-make-you-sick.html; см. также Gene H. Brody et al., «Is Resilience Only Skin Deep? Rural African Americans’ Socioeconomic Status – Related Risk and Competence in Preadolescence and Psychological Adjustment and Allostatic Load at Age 19», Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (2013): 1285–1293; Gene H. Brody et al., «Resilience in Adolescence, Health, and Psychosocial Outcomes», Pediatrics 138, no. 6 (2016): e20161042; Gregory E. Miller, Edith Chen, and Gene H. Brody, «Can Upward Mobility Cost You Your Health?», New York Times, January 4, 2014, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/can-upward-mobility-cost-you-your-health; Gregory E. Miller et al., «Viral Challenge Reveals Further Evidence of Skin-Deep Resilience in African Americans from Disadvantaged Backgrounds», Health Psychology 35, no. 11 (2016): 1225–1234; Mahasin S. Mujahid, «Socioeconomic Position, John Henryism, and Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Finnish Men», Social Science and Medicine 173 (2017): 54–62.

Gene H. Brody et al., «Is Resilience Only Skin Deep? Rural African Americans’ Socioeconomic Status – Related Risk and Competence in Preadolescence and Psychological Adjustment and Allostatic Load at Age 19», Psychological Science 24, no. 7 (2013): 1285–1293; Gregory E. Miller et al., «Viral Challenge Reveals Further Evidence of Skin-DeepResilience in African Americans from Disadvantaged Backgrounds», Health Psychology 35, no. 11 (2016): 1225–1234.

Laurence Maslon and Michael Kantor, Superheroes!: Capes, Cowls, and the Creation of Comic Book Culture (New York: Crown Archetype, 2013), 30–34.

Эти первые строки из радиопостановки о приключениях Супермена 1940-х годов менялись со временем; резюме см. в Steven Younis, The Superman Homepage, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, http://www.supermanhomepage.com.

«Supernormal», Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, по состоянию на 26 февраля 2017 года, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/supernormal.

Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 5.

Dante Cicchetti and Fred A. Rogosch, «Equifinality and Multifinality in Developmental Psychopathology», Development and Psychopathology 8, no. 4 (1996): 597–600.

Dante Cicchetti and Jennifer A. Blender, «A Multiple-Levels-of-Analysis Perspective on Resilience», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1094, no. 1 (2006): 248–258; Suniya S. Luthar, Dante Cicchetti, and Bronwyn Becker, «The Construct of Resilience: A Critical Evaluation and Guidelines for Future Work», Child Development 71, no. 3 (2000): 543–562; Suniya S. Luthar, Jeanette A. Sawyer, and Pamela J. Brown, «Conceptual Issues in Studies of Resilience: Past, Present, and Future Research», Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1094 (2006): 105–115.

В этой книге при обсуждении жизненных трудностей я предпочитаю термину «травма» такие фразы и слова, как «неблагоприятные жизненные обстоятельства», «невзгоды» или «негативный опыт», поскольку они, как правило, описывают ситуации, статистически ассоциируемые с серьезными проблемами или риском, но все равно предполагающие возможность их преодоления или хотя бы некоторого улучшения. Термин же «травма» происходит от греческого слова, которое переводится как «рана», что, очевидно, изначально подразумевает определенный ущерб.

Ralph Nichols, «The Struggle to Be Human», Keynote Address at the First Annual Convention of the International Listening Association, Atlanta, GA, February 17, 1980, http://www.listen.org/resources/Nichols Struggle to be Human.pdf.

Leo Tolstoy, Anna Karenina (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 3.

Hole, «Gutless», by Courtney Love and Eric Erlandson, in Live Through This, DGC Records, 1994, по состоянию на 27 февраля 2017 года, https://genius.com/Hole-gutless-lyrics.

D. W. Winnicott, «Delinquency as a Sign of Hope» (выступление на конференции заместителей управляющих Борстальского исправительного учреждения для несовершеннолетних преступников, Колледж короля Альфреда, Винчестер, April 1967), по состоянию на 31 февраля 2015 года, https://johnwhitwell.co.uk/archives/general-archive-entries/delinquency-as-a-sign-of-hope.

Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (New York: Random House, 2009), 53.

Shawn Carter, Jay-Z Decoded (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2010), 12.

D’Vera Cohn, «At Long Last, Divorce», Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, June 4, 2010, по состоянию на 20 декабря 2015 года, http://www.pewresearch.org/2010/06/04/at-long-last-divorce; Центры по контролю и профилактике заболеваний, «Divorce Rates by State: 1990, 1995, and 1999–2011», National Vital Statistics System, 2013, по состоянию на 30 декабря 2016 года, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/marriage-divorce.htm

Emmy E. Werner and Ruth S. Smith, Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), 198.

Общий обзор законодательной базы развода по взаимному согласию сторон представлен в Herma Hill Kay, «Equality and Difference: A Perspective on No-Fault Divorce and Its Aftermath», University of Cincinnati Law Review 56 (1987): 1, по состоянию на 31 декабря 2015 года, http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1220.

См. обзор в E. Mavis Hetherington and Anne Mitchell Elmore, «Risk and Resilience in Children Coping with Their Parents’ Divorce and Remarriage», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Sonya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 182–212.

См. обзор в E. Mavis Hetherington and Anne Mitchell Elmore, «Risk and Resilience in Children Coping with Their Parents’ Divorce and Remarriage», in Resilience and Vulnerability: Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities, ed. Sonya S. Luthar (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 182–212.

См. обзор в Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362; Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687.

Tamar Lewin, «Poll Says Even Quiet Divorces Affect Children’s Path», New York Times, November 5, 2005, по состоянию на 22 января 2017 года, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/us/poll-says-even-quiet-divorces-affect-childrens-paths.html.

См. обзор Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362; Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687.

См. обзор в E. Mavis Hetherington and John Kelly, For Better or for Worse: Divorce Reconsidered (New York: Norton, 2003); Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687; Judith S. Wallerstein, Julia Lewis, and Sandra Blakeslee, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: A 25 Year Landmark Study (New York: Hyperion, 2001).

Judith S. Wallerstein, Julia Lewis, and Sandra Blakeslee, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: A 25 Year Landmark Study (New York: Hyperion, 2001), 298.

Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362; Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4(2000): 671–687.

Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687.

Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687.

Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687.

Judith S. Wallerstein, Julia Lewis, and Sandra Blakeslee, The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce: A 25 Year Landmark Study (New York: Hyperion, 2001).

Paul Alexander, Rough Magic: A Biography of Sylvia Plath (New York: Da Capo Press, 2003).

Virginia Satir, The Satir Model: Family Therapy and Beyond (Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books, 1991).

E. Mavis Hetherington, «Coping with Family Transitions: Winners, Losers, and Survivors», Child Development 60, no. 1 (1989): 1–14; E. Mavis Hetherington, «An Overview of the Virginia Longitudinal Study of Divorce and Remarriage with a Focus on Early Adolescence», Journal of Family Psychology 7, no. 1 (1993): 39–56; E. Mavis Hetherington and John Kelly, For Better or for Worse: Divorce Reconsidered (New York: Norton, 2003); см. обзор в Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362.

D’Vera Cohn and Rich Morin, «American Mobility: Who Moves? Who Stays Put? Where’s Home?», Social and Demographic Trends Report (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, December 17, 2008), по состоянию на 30 декабря 2015 года, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2008/12/17/who-moves-who-stays-put-wheres-home.

Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears, «Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades», American Sociological Review 71, no. 3 (2006): 353–375; см. также классический труд на эту тему Claude S. Fischer, To Dwell Among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982).

E. Mavis Hetherington, «Should We Stay Together for the Sake of the Children?» in Coping with Divorce, Single Parenting, and Re-Marriage, ed. E. Mavis Hetherington (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1999), 93–116.

Timothy S. Grall, «Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2011», Current Population Reports no. P60–246 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, October 2013), по состоянию на 1 января 2016 года.

Timothy S. Grall, «Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2011», Current Population Reports no. P60-246 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, October 2013), по состоянию на 1 января 2016 года.

Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke (New York: Basic Books, 2003).

Timothy S. Grall, «Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2011», Current Population Reports no. P60-246 (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2013), по состоянию на 1 января 2016 года.

Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (New York: Free Press, 1985), 16–41.

Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke (New York: Basic Books, 2003).

Elizabeth Warren, A Fighting Chance (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2014).

Adam Phillips and Barbara Taylor, On Kindness (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009).

Michael Rutter, «Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Protective Factors and Resistance to Psychiatric Disorder», British Journal of Psychiatry 147, no. 6 (1985): 598–611.

Tamar Lewin, «Poll Says Even Quiet Divorces Affect Children’s Path», New York Times, November 5, 2005, по состоянию на 22 января 2017 года, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/us/poll-says-even-quiet-divorces-affect-childrens-paths.html?_r=0; Elizabeth Marquardt, Between Two Worlds: The Inner Lives of Children of Divorce (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2005).

Lisa Laumann-Billings and Robert E. Emery, «Distress Among Young Adults from Divorced Families», Journal of Family Psychology 14, no. 4 (2000): 671–687.

Judy Dunn et al., «Family Lives and Friendships: The Perspectives of Children In Step-, Single-Parent, and Nonstep Families», Journal of Family Psychology 15, no. 2 (2001): 272–287.

Roger Brown and James Kulik, «Flashbulb Memories», Cognition 5, no. 1 (1977): 73–99.

Исследования, изучающие воспоминания-вспышки, показывают, что особенно эмоциональные события воспринимаются нами как запомнившиеся более ярко и подробно, хотя запомнившиеся детали не всегда соответствуют действительности; см. также обзор в Elizabeth A. Phelps, «Emotion and Cognition: Insights from Studies of the Human Amygdala», Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006): 27–53; Olivier Luminet and Antonietta Curci, Flashbulb Memories: New Issues and New Perspectives (New York: Psychology Press, 2008).

William James, The Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, 1890), 670.

Jean Martin Charcot, «Lessons on the Illnesses оf the Nervous System Held at the Salpetriere», vol. 3, A. Delahaye and E. Lecrosnie, Paris: Progrиs Medical 3 (1887).

Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, Studies in Hysteria (Boston: Beacon Press, 1950).

Sigmund Freud, «On the Psychical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena», (лекция, прочитанная на собрании клуба Wienermedizinische club, 11 января 1893 года), in Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud 3 (London: Hogarth Press, 1962), 281–387.

Pierre Janet, Psychological Healing: A Historical and Clinical Study, vols. 1–2, trans. PG. Paul and E. Paul (New York: Macmillan, 1925; оригинальный труд опубликован в 1919 году), 660.

Abram Kardiner, The Traumatic Neuroses of War (Mansfield Centre, CT: Martino, 2012).

Roy R. Grinker and John P. Spiegel, War Neuroses (Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1945)

Roy F. Baumeister et al., «Bad Is Stronger than Good», Review of General Psychology 5, no. 4 (2001): 323–370.

Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 168.

Jacek Debiec and Joseph E. LeDoux, «The Amygdala and the Neural Pathways of Fear», in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (NewYork: Humana, 2009), 23–38; Elizabeth A. Phelps, «Emotion and Cognition: Insights from Studies of the Human Amygdala», Annual Review of Psychology 57 (2006): 27–53.

Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2014), 401–404.

Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 168–169.

Гипоталамус выделяет кортикотропин-рилизинг-гормон (КРГ). КРГ, в свою очередь, стимулирует гипофиз, который стимулирует выброс адренокортикотропного гормона (АКТГ). АКТГ воздействует на надпочечники, которые, в свою очередь, вырабатывают диэфирин, норадреналин и кортизол.

Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 206; James L. McGaugh, «The Amygdala Modulates the Consolidation of Memories of Emotionally Arousing Experiences», Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004): 1–28; обзоры см. в James L. McGaugh, Memory and Emotion: The Making of Lasting Memories (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003); James L. McGaugh, «Memory: A Century of Consolidation», Science 287, no. 5451 (2000): 248–251.

См. обзор исследований в области классического условного рефлекса в James L. McGaugh, «The Amygdala Modulates the Consolidation of Memories of Emotionally Arousing Experiences», Annual Review of Neuroscience 27 (2004): 1–28; James L. McGaugh, Memory and Emotion: The Making of Lasting Memories (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003); Donald G. Rainnie and Kerry J. Ressler, «Physiology of the Amygdala: Implications for PTSD», in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice, eds. Joseph E. LeDoux, Terrence Keane, and Peter Shiromani (New York: Humana, 2009), 39–78.

Существует теория, что слишком сильный и продолжительный стресс негативно влияет на гиппокамп; Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 243–244.

James L. McGaugh, Memory and Emotion: The Making of Lasting Memories (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 111.

Louis Cozolino, The Neuroscience of Human Relationships: Attachment and the Developing Social Brain, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton, 2014), 403.

Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 145.

Eitan D. Schwarz and Janice M. Kowalski, «Malignant Memories: PTSD in Children and Adults After a School Shooting», Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30, no. 6 (1991): 936–944.

Bessel A. van der Kolk, Alexander PG. McFarlane, and Lars Weisеth, Traumatic Stress: The Effects of Overwhelming Experience on Mind, Body, and Society (New York: Guilford, 2007), 3–23.

Leanne ten Brinke, Stephen Porter, and Alysha Baker, «Darwin the Detective: Observable Facial Muscle Contractions Reveal Emotional High-Stakes Lies», Evolution and Human Behavior 33, no. 4 (2012): 411–416.

Bessel A. van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma (New York: Penguin, 2014).

Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362.

E. Mavis Hetherington and John Kelly, For Better or for Worse: Divorce Reconsidered (New York: Norton, 2003); Joan B. Kelly and Robert E. Emery, «Children’s Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives», Family Relations 52, no. 4 (2003): 352–362.

William V. Fabricius and Jeff A. Hall, «Young Adults’ Perspectives on Divorce Living Arrangements», Family Court Review 38, no. 4 (2000): 446–461.

Andre Agassi, Open: An Autobiography (New York: Vintage, 2010), 27.

Отчет взят из Lenore Terr, Too Scared to Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood (New York: Basic Books, 2008).

Lenore Terr, Too Scared to Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 20.

Kristine Erickson, Wayne Drevets, and Jay Schulkin, «Glucocorticoid Regulation of Diverse Cognitive Functions in Normal and Pathological Emotional States», Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 27, no. 3 (2003): 233–246.

Это называется реакцией «замри»; Jeffrey A. Gray, The Psychology of Fear and Stress, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).

Joseph E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 168.

Adeen Flinker et al., «Redefining the Role of Broca’s Area in Speech», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 9 (2015): 2871–2875.

Alastair M. Hull, «Neuroimaging Findings in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Systematic Review», British Journal of Psychiatry 181, no. 2(2002): 102–110; Scott L. Rauch et al., «A Symptom Provocation Study of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Using Positron Emission Tomography and Script-Driven Imagery», Archives of General Psychiatry 53, no. 5 (1996): 380–387; Lisa M. Shin et al., «A Positron Emission Tomographic Study of Symptom Provocation in PTSD», Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 821, no. 1 (1997): 521–523; Lisa M. Shin et al., «Visual Imagery and Perception in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Positron Emission Tomographic Investigation», Archives of General Psychiatry 54, no. 3 (1997): 233–241; Bessel A. van der Kolk, «The Psychobiology and Psychopharmacology of PTSD», Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 16, no. S1 (2001): S49–S64.

Lenore Terr, Too Scared to Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood (New York: Basic Books, 2008).