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Краткая история тела. 24 часа из жизни тела: секс, еда, сон, работа

1

«Исповедь», книга 10, гл. 8, п. 15. Пер. с лат. М. Е. Сергеенко.

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P. B. Eckburg et al., “Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora”, Science 308, 1635–1638 (2005).

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“Timing is everything”, Nature 425, 885 (2003).

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Thomas Willis quoted in Oliver Sacks, “To see and not to see”, The New Yorker, May 10, 1993, 59.

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Robert Burton, The Anatomy of Melancholy. www.psyplexus.com/burton/7.htm.

6

То есть на ситуации, требующие осмысления и принятия осознанного решения («когнитивный» – значит «познавательный»). – Ред.

7

Henry David Thoreau, “Economy”, in Walden and Other Writings of Henry David Thoreau (New York: Modern Library, 1992), 3. ГЛАВА 1

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Перевод А. Прокопьева.

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“Beating the bell”, New Scientist, letters by Jim Field and Radko Osredkar, May 14, 2005.

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Peretz Lavie et al., “It’s time, you must wake up now”, Perceptual and Motor Skills 49, 447–450 (1979).

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Адренокортикотропин – гормон, стимулирующий функцию надпочечников и выработку ими адреналина. – Ред.

13

Jan Born, “Timing the end of nocturnal sleep”, Nature 397, 29–30 (1999).

14

Till Roenneberg et al., “Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes”, Journal of Biological Rhythms 18:1, 80–90 (2003).

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Edward Stepanski, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, quoted in Martica Heaner, “Snooze alarm takes its toll on nation”, New York Times, October 12, 2004, D8.

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http://www.alumni.media.mit.edu/~nanda/projects/clocky.html.

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Charles Czeisler, “Sleep: what happens when doctors do without it”, Medical Center Hour, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, March 1, 2006.

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K. W. Wright et al., “Effects of sleep inertia on cognition”, Journal of the American Medical Association 295:2, 163 (2006).

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Lavie et al., “It’s time you must wake up now”.

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http://www.axonlabs.com/pr_sleepsmart.html.

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Roenneberg et al., “Life between clocks”.

23

Jonathan Weiner, Time, Love, Memory (New York: Knopf, 1999), 190.

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Michael Smolensky and Lynne Lamberg, The Body Clock Guide to Better Health (New York: Holt, 2000), 40–42.

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Roenneberg et al., “Life between clocks”.

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Hans Van Dongen Q & A at http://www.upenn.edu/pennews/current/2004/092304/cover.html, retrieved March 17, 2005.

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Jorge Luis Borges, “A New Refutation of Time”, Labyrinths (New York: Modern Library, 1983), 234.

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Ezio Rosato and Charlambos P. Kyriacou, “Origins of circadian rhythmicity”, Journal of Biological Rhythms 17:6, 506–511 (2002); Russell Foster and Leon Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life (London: Profile Books, 2004), 157.

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T. A. Wehr, “A ‘clock for all seasons’ in the human brain”, in R. M. Bujis et al., eds., Progress in Brain Research 111 (1996).

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Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 11.

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M. S. Freedman et al., “Regulation of mammalian circadian behavior by non-rod, non-cone, ocular photoreceptors”, Science 284, 502–504 (1999); D. M. Berson et al., “Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock”, Science 295, 1070–1073 (2002); I. Provencio “Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina”, Nature 415, 493 (2002); S. Hattar et al., “Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensivity”, Science 295, 1065–1068 (2002); I. Provencio et al., “A novel human opsin in the inner retina”, Journal of Neuroscience 20, 600–605 (2000); R. G. Foster, “Bright blue times”, Nature 433, 698–699 (2005); Z. Melyan et al., “Addition of human melanopsin renders mammalian cells photoresponsive”, Nature 433, 741–745 (2005); D. M. Dacey et al., “Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN”, Nature 433, 749–751 (2005).

35

Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Circles”, in Essays and Poems (London: Everyman Paperback Classics, 1992), 147.

36

Имеется в виду температура тела, измеренная во рту. – Ред.

37

P. A. Mackowiak et al., “A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich”, Journal of the American Medical Association 268, 1578–1580 (1992).

38

Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 53–54.

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Сайт Лаборатории Катрин Ривьер http://www.salk.edu/LABS/pbl-cr/02_Research.html, retrieved March 11, 2006.

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41

Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 71.

42

Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 11; Smolensky and Lamberg, The Body Clock Guide to Better Health, 5–12; Hrushesky, “Timing is everything”.

43

J. Arendt, “Biological rhythms: the science of chronobiology”, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 32, 27–35 (1998).

44

Супрахиазматические ядра – ядра серого вещества, расположенные над (лат. super) перекрестом (греч. chiasmos) зрительных нервов. – Ред.

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P. L. Lowrey and J. S. Takahashi, “Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization”, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 5, 407–441 (2004).

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S.-H. Yoo et al., “Period 2: luciferase real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 5339–5346 (2004).

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S. Yamazaki et al., “Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats”, Science 288, 682–685 (2000).

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C. R. Jones et al., “Familial advanced sleep-phase syndrome: a short-period circadian rhythm variant in humans”, Nature Medicine 5:9, 1062 (1999); K. L. Toh et al., “An hPer2 phosphorylation site mutation in familial advanced sleep phase syndrome”, Science 291, 1040–1043 (2001).

49

Так называемого периодического часового гена. – Ред.

50

S. Archer et al., “A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference”, Sleep 26:4, 413–415 (2003).

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D. Katzenberg, “A clock polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference”, Sleep 21:6, 568–576 (1998).

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C. M. Singer and A. J. Lewy, “Does our DNA determine when we sleep?”, Nature Medicine 5, 983 (1999).

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Till Roenneberg, “A marker for the end of adolescence”, Current Biology 14:24, R1038–1039 (2004).

54

Интервью с Тиллом Рённебергом, 8 сентября 2006 года; Roenneberg et al., “Life between clocks”.

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S. M. Somani and P. Gupta, “Caffeine: a new look at an age-old drug”, International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapeutics, and Toxicology 26, 521–533 (1988).

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Samuel Hahnemann, Der Kaffee in seinen Wirkungen (Leipzig, 1803), quoted in Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine (New York: Routledge, 2002), 119.

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Jack James, Understanding Caffeine (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1997); интервью с Лаурой Джулиано, октябрь 2006 года.

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W. H. Lewis et al., “Ritualistic use of the holly Ilex guayusa by Amazonian Jivaro Indians”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33:1–2, 25–30 (1991).

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J. K. Wyatt et al., “Low-dose repeated caffeine administration for circadian-phase-dependent performance degradation during extended wakefulness”, Sleep 27, 374–381 (2004). Целью этого исследования было найти наилучшую стратегию повышения и поддержания работоспособности тех, кому приходится бодрствовать долгими часами, например врачей и шоферов-дальнобойщиков.

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Jean-Marie Vaugeois, “Positive feedback from coffee”, Nature 418, 734–736 (2002).

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J. Blanchard and S. J. A. Sawers, “The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man”, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24, 93–98 (1983).

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J. W. Daly et al., “The role of adenosine receptors in the central action of caffeine”, in B. S. Gupta and U. Gupta, eds., Caffeine and Behavior: Current Views and Research Trends (Boca Raton, Fl.: CRC Press, 1999), 1–16.

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H. P. A. Van Dongen et al., “Caffeine eliminates psychomotor vigilance deficits from sleep inertia”, Sleep 24:7, 813–819 (2001); L. M. Juliano and R. R. Griffiths, “A critical review of caffeine withdrawal: empirical validation of symptoms and signs, incidence, severity, and associated features”, Psychopharmacology 176, 1–29 (2004).

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F. Koppelstatter et al., “Influence of caffeine excess on activation patterns in verbal working memory”, Radiological Society of North America annual meeting, November 2005.

65

То есть испытуемым сказали, что это кофе, тогда как на самом деле предложенный им напиток не обладал стимулирующим эффектом. – Ред.

66

Juliano and Griffiths, “A critical review of caffeine withdrawal”. ГЛАВА 2

67

Rainer W. Friedrich, “Odorant receptors make scents”, Nature 430, 511–512 (2004).

68

J. A. Gottfried, “Smell: central nervous processing”, in T. Hummel and A. Welge-Luessen, eds., Taste and Smell: An Update (Advances in Otorhinolaryngology) (Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 2006), 44–69; интервью с Джеем Готфридом, сентябрь 2006 года.

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T. W. Buchanan et al., “A specific role for the human amygdala in olfactory memory”, Learning and Memory 10:5, 319–325 (2003); интервью с Джеем Готфридом, сентябрь 2006 года.

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J. Plailly, “Involvement of right piriform cortex in olfactory familiarity judgements”, Neuroimage 24, 1032–1041 (2005).

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Это Тим Джейкоб из Кардиффского университета. См.: http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/taste.html и http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/index.html.

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C. Miles and R. Jenkins, “Recency and suffix effects with serial recall of odours”, Memory 8:3, 195–206 (2000).

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Z. Zou et al., “Odor maps in the olfactory cortex”; Ranganathan and Buck, “Olfactory axon pathfinding”; M. Pines, “The memory of smells”, in Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling the World: A Report from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, http://www.hhmi.org/senses/d140.html, retrieved March 25, 2005.

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D. M. Small et al., “Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal versus retronasal odorant perception in humans”, Neuron 47, 593–605 (2005).

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G. M. Shepherd, “Smell images and the flavour system in the human brain”, Nature 406, 316–321 (2006).

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D. V. Smith and R. F. Margolskee, “Making sense of taste”, Scientific American, March 2001, 32–39.

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Bernd Lindemann, “Receptors and transduction in taste”, Nature 413, 219–225 (2001).

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A. Cruz and B. G. Green, “Thermal stimulation of taste”, Nature 403, 889–892 (2000).

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K. Talavera et al., “Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste”, Nature 438, 1022–1025 (2005).

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Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and English Traits, vol. 5, ch. 2, “Voyage to England” (Harvard Classics, 1909–1914). www.bartleby.com/5/202.html.

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