Как нас обманывают органы чувств

Пер. Ю.А. Данилова – Здесь и далее – прим. пер.

Журнал Американской ассоциации содействия развитию науки.

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Пер. Ю. Корнеева.

Цитируется по Юм Д. О норме вкуса/пер. Ф.Ф. Вермель//Сочинения в 2-х т. – Москва: Издательство «Мысль», 1996 г.

Главный комплекс гистосовместимости – большая область генома или большое семейство генов, обнаруженное у позвоночных и играющее важную роль в иммунной системе и развитии иммунитета.

Цитируется по Шредингер Э. Что такое жизнь?/пер. К.Б. Егоровой – Москва: АСТ, 2018 г. – 288 с.

Здесь и далее цитируется по Марр Д. Зрение. Информационный подход к изучению представления и обработки зрительных образов/пер Н.Г. Гуревич – Москва: Радио и связь, 1987 г. – 400 с.

Американская военно-промышленная авиастроительная компания.

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Платон «Государство».

Таким образом, пространство-время термин из физики. Я буду использовать его, подчеркивая технические проблемы физики и информационной теории. Я буду использовать слова «пространство» и «время» отдельно, подчеркивая их как отдельные аспекты нашего процесса восприятия.

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Отсылка к фильму «Матрица», где судьба главного героя зависит от выбора между красной и синей таблеткой.

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О. Сакс «Антрополог на Марсе».

Там же; Zeki, S. 1993. A Vision of the Brain (Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications), 279.

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В.С. Рамачандран «Фантомы мозга».

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Больше головоломок про причинно-следственные связи можно найти у Beebee, H., Hitchcock, C., and Menzies, P., eds. 2009. The Oxford Handbook of Causation (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press).

Tagliazucchi, E., Chialvo, D. R., Siniatchkin, M., Amico, E., Brichant, J-F., Bonhomme, V., Noirhomme, Q., Laufs, H., and Laureys, S. 2016. “Large-scale signatures of unconsciousness are consistent with a departure from critical dynamics,” Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 13: 20151027.

Chalmers, D. 1998. “What is a neural correlate of consciousness?” in T. Metzinger, ed., Neural correlates of consciousness: Empirical and conceptual questions (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 17–40; Koch, C. 2004. The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (Englewood, CO: Roberts & Company Publishers).

Aru, J., Bachmann, T., Singer, W., and Melloni, L. 2012. “Distilling the neural correlates of consciousness,” Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 36: 737–46.

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Denny, C. A., et al. 2014. “Hippocampal memory traces are differentially modulated by experience, time, and adult neurogenesis,” Neuron 83: 189–201; Cazzulino, A. S., Martinez, R., Tomm, N. K., and Denny, C. A. 2016. “Improved specificity of hippocampal memory trace labeling,” Hippocampus, doi: 10.1002/hipo.22556.

Blackmore, S. 2010. Consciousness: An Introduction (New York: Routledge); Д. Чалмерс «Сознающий ум. В поисках фундаментальной теории»; Revonsuo, A. 2010. Consciousness: The Science of Subjectivity (New York: Psychology Press).

Кто-то может возразить, что теория интегрированной информации Тонони предлагает такие законы (Oizumi, M., Albantakis, L., and Tononi, G. 2014. “From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated information theory 3.0,” PLOS Computational Biology 10: e1003588). Но это не так. Она не дает законов, которые отождествляют конкретный сознательный опыт, как например вкус шоколада, с конкретным типом мозговой активности. И она не дает законов о том, как конкретный опыт должен измениться при изменении конкретной мозговой активности. То же самое верно и для редуктивных функционалистских теорий сознания, которые отождествляют ментальные состояния (включая сознательный опыт) с функциональными процессами вычислительных систем, биологических или нет. Ни один редуктивный функционалист не предложил ни одного конкретного тождества между конкретным сознательным опытом (или классом сознательных опытов) и конкретными функциональными процессами. Редуктивный функционализм обладает еще одной проблемой: согласно теореме перестановок можно доказать его ошибочность (Hoffman, D. D. 2006a. “The scrambling theorem: A simple proof of the logical possibility of spectrum inversion,” Consciousness and Cognition 15: 31–45; Hoffman, D. D. 2006b. “The Scrambling Theorem unscrambled: A response to commentaries,” Consciousness and Cognition 15: 51–53). Из теоремы перестановок также следует, что сознательный опыт не тождествен использованию информации для распознавания возможностей и управления поведением в реальном времени. Э. Чемеро (в книге Chemero, A. 2009. Radical Embodied Cognitive Science [Cambridge, MA: MIT Press]), например, утверждает, что «В радикальной науке воплощенного познания распознавание возможностей и управление поведением в реальном времени и есть проживание сознательного опыта. Когда мы объясним, как животные используют информацию, чтобы непосредственно воспринимать и действовать в своих нишах, мы также объясним их сознательный опыт». Теорема перестановок доказывает, что это заявленное тождество неверно. Более того, ни один сторонник воплощенного познания не предложил ни одного конкретного тождества между конкретным сознательным опытом (или классом сознательных опытов) и конкретным использованием информации для распознавания возможностей и управления поведением в реальном времени. Также нет никаких предложений для принципов, которые объяснили бы подобные тождества: почему конкретным использованием информации для распознавания возможностей и управления поведением в реальном времени будет сознательный опыт, скажем, вкуса ванили? Почему это конкретное использование информации для распознавания возможностей и управления поведением в реальном времени не может быть, скажем, вкусом шоколада или ощущением гладкой холодной колонны льда? Какие научные принципы исключают другие сознательные опыты? Никаких никогда не предлагали. Согласно теореме перестановок, таких принципов не существует.

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Отношение диаметра зрачка к длине глаза было 0,42 на одном лице и 0,48 на другом.

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