Исламское государство. Армия террора
Сноски
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Решением Верховного суда РФ от 29 декабря 2014 г. «Исламское государство» признано террористической организацией, деятельность которой в РФ запрещена.
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Организации «Исламское государство Ирака и Леванта» (сокращенно ИГИЛ) больше не существует. Теперь ее официальное название – «Исламское государство». Мы использовали название ИГИЛ просто для удобства, зная о том, что сейчас идут горячие споры по этому поводу. Термин «Даеш», который мы также использовали, представляет собой звуковую аббревиатуру арабского названия «Ад-Дауля аль-Исламийя фил Ирак ва Шам» или «Исламское государство Ирака и Аль-Шама». Хотя этот акроним не несет в себе особого смысла, но считается уничижительным из-за жесткости звуков при его произношении. Такое сочетание букв в арабском языке ассоциируется с жестокостью и грубостью.
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Езиды – курдская этноконфессиональная группа. Религия езидов – езидизм (на основе зороастризма). В основном проживают на севере Ирака и в странах Европы. – Здесь и далее прим. пер.
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Пешмерга (в переводе с курдского «идущие на смерть», «глядящие в лицо смерти») – курдские военизированные формирования в Иракском Курдистане.
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Хадис – сборники преданий и легенд о поступках и высказываниях исламского пророка Мухаммеда.
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«Международная амнистия» – организация по защите прав человека.
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«Наблюдение за соблюдением прав человека» – частная американская организация, следящая за соблюдением прав человека.
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Плодородный полумесяц – условное название региона на Ближнем Востоке, славящегося плодородными землями, а формой напоминающего полумесяц.
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Ильич Рамирес Санчес, также известный как Карлос Шакал, – международный террорист, осуществлявший террористические операции в интересах «Народного фронта освобождения Палестины», «Красных бригад», «Красной армии Японии», Организации освобождения Палестины. В настоящее время отбывает пожизненное заключение во французской тюрьме Клерво.
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Форт Дикс – база армии США в штате Нью-Джерси. Используется в основном для переподготовки резервистов.
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Рицин – белковый токсин растительного происхождения.
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Суфизм – эзотерическое течение в исламе, проповедующее аскетизм и повышенную духовность.
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«Советы пробуждения» – структуры, сформированные из суннитских боевиков и выступавшие против «Аль-Каиды» и ее присутствия в Ираке.
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«Блэкуотер» – американская частная охранная компания, ставшая известной во время Иракской войны в связи с убийствами мирного населения, контрабандой оружия и другими происшествиями, получившими широкую огласку в СМИ.
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Муха́фаза – административно-территориальная единица ряда арабских государств.
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1-я Кавалерийская дивизия – бронетанковая дивизия Армии США.
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Джордж Кейси-младший – американский генерал, командовавший международными коалиционными войсками в Ираке в 2004–2007 гг.
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В западной части Багдада расположены здания парламента и правительства.
Комментарии
1
Loretta Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq: Al-Zarqawi and the New Generation (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005) 29–30.
2
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 260.
3
Mary Anne Weaver, “The Short, Violent Life of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi,” The Atlantic, July 1, 2006, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/4983.
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Loretta Napoleoni, “Profile of a Killer,” Foreign Policy, October 20, 2009, foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/20/profile-of-a-killer.
5
Weaver, 2006.
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Jean-Charles Brisard, Zarqawi: The New Face of Al-Qaeda (New York: Other Press, 2005) 16.
7
Fawaz A. Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 135.
8
Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower (New York: Vintage, 2007); Gerges, The Far Enemy, 134.
9
Gerges, The Far Enemy, 76.
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Peter L. Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda’s Leader (New York: Free Press, 2006), 64–65.
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Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, 63, 66–67.
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Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, 93.
13
Weaver, 2006.
14
Brisard, Zarqawi, 17.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 21.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 21; Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, 32.
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Weaver, 2006.
18
يواقرزلا بعصم وبأ ـ سانلل نايب اذه YouTube video, 34:05, posted by ansaralshari3a, March 25, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUrLMFautCI.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 22.
20
Brisard, Zarqawi, 23–24.
21
Brisard, Zarqawi, 24.
22
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23
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 55.
24
Brisard, Zarqawi, 28.
25
Brisard, Zarqawi, 29.
26
Brisard, Zarqawi, 36.
27
Brisard, Zarqawi, 37.
28
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Zarqawi’s Journey: From Droupout to Prisoner to Insurgent Leader,” New York Times, July 13, 2004, www.nytimes.com/2004/07/13/international/middleeast/13zarq.html
29
Brisard, Zarqawi, 226–27.
30
Brisard, Zarqawi, 39.
31
Weaver, 2006.
32
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 64–65.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 43.
34
Weaver, 2006.
35
Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.
36
Gettleman, 2004.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 48.
39
Gettleman, 2004.
40
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 70.
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Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 75–76.
42
Weaver, 2006.
43
Bruce Riedel, The Search for Al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2010), 93–94.
44
Интервью с бывшим высокопоставленным офицером отдела по борьбе с терроризмом, декабрь 2014 г.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 57.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 59.
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Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 97.
48
Brisard, Zarqawi, 67.
49
Bryan Price, Dan Milton, Muhammad al-Ubaydi, and Nelly Lahoud, “The Group That Calls Itself a State: Understanding the Evolution and Challenges of the Islamic State,” Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, December 16, 2014, www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state.
50
Bergen, The Osama bin Laden I Know, 197.
51
Price et al., 2014.
52
Brisard, Zarqawi, 71–72.
53
“Tracking Al Qaeda in Iraq’s Zarqawi Interview With Ex-CIA Analyst Nada Bakos,” Musings on Iraq blog, June 30, 2014, musingsoniraq.blogspot.com/2014/06/tracking-al-qaeda-in-iraqs-zarqawi.html.
54
Интервью с бывшим высокопоставленным офицером отдела по борьбе с терроризмом, декабрь 2014 г.
55
Brisard, Zarqawi, 72.
56
Weaver, 2006.
57
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 125–26; Brisard, Zarqawi, 88.
58
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 125–26; Weaver, 2006.
59
Weaver, 2006.
60
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 98–99; Weaver, 2006.
61
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 98–99.
62
Weaver, 2006.
63
Brisard, Zarqawi, 77.
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Brisard, Zarqawi, 115.
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Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 106–07; Brisard, Zarqawi, 115–16, 122.
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Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 116–17.
67
Интервью, взятое одним из авторов, декабрь 2014 г.
68
Интервью, взятое одним из авторов, декабрь 2014 г.
69
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 109.
70
Napoleoni, Insurgent Iraq, 109.
71
Price et al., 2014.
72
Brisard, Zarqawi, 96, 99–100.
73
Brisard, Zarqawi, 95.
74
Brisard, Zarqawi, 96.
75
Weaver, 2006.
76
Bill Roggio, Threat Matrix: A Blog of the Long War Journal, May 12, 2014, www.longwarjournal.org/threat-matrix/archives/2014/05/iran_owes_al_qaeda_invaluably.php.
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Riedel, The Search for Al Qaeda, 87–88; Gerges, The Far Enemy, 252.
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Riedel, The Search for Al Qaeda, 88.
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Riedel, The Search for Al Qaeda, 88.
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Riedel, The Search for Al Qaeda, 10–11, 87–89, 132.
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Riedel, The Search for Al Qaeda, 88.
82
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83
Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama (New York: Vintage Books, 2013), 20–21.
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Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama (New York: Vintage Books, 2013), 20–21.
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Michael R. Gordon and Bernard E. Trainor, The Endgame: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Iraq, from George W. Bush to Barack Obama (New York: Vintage Books, 2013), 20–21.
86
Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 18–20.
87
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Brian Owsley, “Iraq’s Brutal Decrees Amputation, Branding and the Death Penalty,” Human Rights Watch/Middle East, June 1995, www.hrw.org/reports/1995/IRAQ955.htm.
89
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Joel Rayburn, Iraq After America: Strongmen, Sectarians, Resistance (Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press, 2014) 101.
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Rayburn, Iraq After America, 102.
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Rayburn, Iraq After America, 102.
93
Rayburn, Iraq After America, 113.
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Rayburn, Iraq After America, 114.
95
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Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 5.
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99
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Christopher Hitchens, “Why Ask Why?: Terrorists Attacks Aren’t Caused by Any Policy Except That of the Bombers Themselves,” Slate, October 3, 2005, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2005/10/why_ask_why.html.
101
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102
Интервью, взятое одним из авторов, октябрь 2014 г.
103
Murad Batal al-Shishani, “Al-Zarqawi’s Rise to Power: Analyzing Tactics and Targets,” Terrorism Monitor Vol. 3 No. 22, The Jamestown Foundation, November 18, 2005, www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=610&no_cache=1#.VIk1cDHF8ei.
104
Riedel, The Search for Al-Qaeda, 100, 105; Lawrence Joffe, “Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim,” obituary, The Guardian, August 29, 2003, www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/30/guardianobituaries.iraq.
105
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106
Musab Al-Zarqawi, “Letter from Abu Musab al-Zarqawi to Osama bin Laden,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 1, 2004, www.cfr.org/iraq/letter-abu-musab-al-zarqawi-osama-bin-laden/p9863.
107
Musab Al-Zarqawi, “Letter from Abu Musab al-Zarqawi to Osama bin Laden,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 1, 2004, www.cfr.org/iraq/letter-abu-musab-al-zarqawi-osama-bin-laden/p9863.
108
Musab Al-Zarqawi, “Letter from Abu Musab al-Zarqawi to Osama bin Laden,” Council on Foreign Relations, February 1, 2004, www.cfr.org/iraq/letter-abu-musab-al-zarqawi-osama-bin-laden/p9863.
109
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114
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125
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126
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127
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128
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129
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130
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133
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143
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146
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148
Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 172; Rayburn, Iraq After America, 110–11.
149
Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 172; Rayburn, Iraq After America, 110–11.
150
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161
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175
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176
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177
Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 221–222.
178
Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 221–222.
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Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 185–86.
180
Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 185–86.
181
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182
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Интервью, взятое одним из авторов, ноябрь 2014 г.
184
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185
Gordon & Trainor, The Endgame, 231; Benjamin Bahney, Howard J. Shatz, Carroll Ganier, Renny McPherson, and Barbara Sude, An Economic Analysis of the Financial Records of al-Qa’ida in Iraq (National Defense Research Institute, 2010), e-book.
186
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187
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188
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189
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190
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191
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193
Ellen Knickmeyer and K. I. Ibrahim, “Bombing Shatters Mosque in Iraq,” Washington Post, February 23, 2006, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/22/AR2006022200454.html.
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Ellen Knickmeyer and K. I. Ibrahim, “Bombing Shatters Mosque in Iraq,” Washington Post, February 23, 2006, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/22/AR2006022200454.html.