Эра Меркурия. Евреи в современном мире

David Nemeth. Patterns of Genesis among Peripatetics: Preliminary Notes from the Korean Archipelago, in Aparna Rao, ed. The Other Nomads: Peripatetic Minorities in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cologne: Boehlau Verlag, 1987, 159–178; George de Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma. Japan’s Invisible Race: Caste in Culture and Personality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966, 20–28; Michael Bollig. Ethnic Relations and Spatial Mobility in Africa: A Review of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 179–228; James H. Vaughn, Jr. Caste Systems in the Western Sudan, in Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov, eds. Social Stratification in Africa. New York: Free Press, 1970, 59–92; Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Groups That Don’t Want In: Gypsies and Other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities // Annual Review of Anthropology, 15 (1986): 307–330; Asta Olesen. Peddling in East Afghanistan: Adaptive Strategies of the Peripatetic Sheikh Mohammadi, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 35–64; Hanna Rauber-Schweizer. Trade in Far West Nepal: The Economic Adaptation of the Peripatetic Humli-Khyampa, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 65–88; Philip D. Curtin. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, 19. Вслед за большинством антропологов я пользуюсь термином “цыгане”, поскольку не все группы, обычно объединяемые им, говорят на романи или являются “рома” по самообозначению.

Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 186–206; Bruce Masters. The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750. New York: New York University Press, 1988, 82–89; John A. Armstrong. Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas // American Political Science Review 70, № 2 (June 1976): 400; John A. Armstrong. Nations before Nationalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982, 210.

Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983, 102; Dominique Casajus. Crafts and Ceremonies: The Inadan in Tuareg Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 291–310; William Lancaster and Fidelity Lancaster. The Function of Peripatetics in Rwala Bedouin Society, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 311–322; Hagop Barsoumian. Economic Role of the Armenian Amira Class in the Ottoman Empire // Armenian Review, 31 (March 1979): 310–316; Hillel Levine. Economic Origins of Antisemitism: Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991, 59–73.

Edna Bonacich. А Theory of Middleman Minorities // American Sociological Review, 38, no. 5 (October 1973): 583–594; Paul Mark Axelrod. А Social and Demographic Comparison of Parsis, Saraswat Brahmins and Jains in Bombay. Ph. D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1974, 26–39, 60; Charles A. Jones. International Business in the Nineteenth Century: The Rise and Fall of a Cosmopolitan Bourgeoisie. Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1987, esp. 50 and 81–84; T. M. Luhrmann. The Good Parsi: The Fate of a Colonial Elite in a Postcolonial Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996, 78–91; D. Stanley Eitzen. Two Minorities: The Jews of Poland and the Chinese of the Philippines // Jewish Journal of Sociology 10, № 2 (December 1968): 221–240; Daniel Chirot and Anthony Reid, eds. Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997, см. в особенности предисловие редакторов; Joel Kotkin. Tribes: How Race, Religion, and Identity Determine Success in the New Global Economy. New York: Random House, 1993, 170–180; Thomas Sowell. Migrations and Cultures: A World View. New York: Basic Books, 1996; Edgar Wickberg. Localism and the Organization of Overseas Migration in the Nineteenth Century, in Gary G. Hamilton. Cosmopolitan Capitalists. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999, 35–55; Yuan-li Wu and Chun-hsi Wu. Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Chinese Dimension. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1980; Linda Y. C. Lim and L. A. Peter Gosling, eds. The Chinese in Southeast Asia, vols. 1 and 2. Singapore: Maruzen Asia, 1983; Lynn Pan. Sons of the Yellow Emperor: A History of the Chinese Diaspora. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1990, 23–152; Agehananda Bharati. The Asians in East Africa: Jayhind and Ururu. Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1972, 11–22, 36, 42–116; Pierre L. van den Berghe. The Ethnic Phenomenon. New York: Praeger, 1987, 135–156; Dana April Seidenberg. Mercantile Adventurers: The World of East African Asians, 1750–1985. New Delhi: New Age International, 1996; Albert Hourani and Nadim Shehadi, eds. The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration. London: Center for Lebanese Studies, 1992; William K. Crowley. The Levantine Arabs: Diaspora in a New World // Proceedings of the Association of American Geographers 6 (1974): 137–142; R. Bayly Winder. The Lebanese in West Africa // Comparative Studies in Society and History 4 (1961–1962): 296–333; H. L. van der Laan. The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.

Norman O. Brown. Hermes the Thief: The Evolution of a Myth. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1947; Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant, Cunning Intelligence in Greek Culture and Society. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1978; Laurence Kahn. Hèrmus passe ou les ambiguités de la communication. Paris: François Maspero, 1978; W. B. Stanford. The Ulysses Theme: A Study in Adaptability of a Traditional Hero. Dallas: Spring Publications, 1992.

George Gmelch and Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Commercial Nomadism: Occupation and Mobility among Travellers in England and Wales, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 134; Matt T. Salo. The Gypsy Niche in North America: Some Ecological Perspectives on the Exploitation of Social Environments, Rao, The Other Nomads, 94; Judith Okely. The Traveller-Gypsies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, 58–60; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 70; Clifford Geertz. Peddlers and Princes: Social Change and Economic Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963, 43–44; Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog. eds. Life Is with People: The Culture of the Shtetl. New York: Schocken Books, 1952, 62; Armstrong, Nations before Nationalism, 42; Daniel J. Elazar. The Jewish People as the Classic Diaspora, in Gabriel Sheffer, ed. Modern Diasporas in International Politics. London: Croom Helm, 1986, 215.

Brian L. Foster. Ethnicity and Commerce // American Ethnologist 1, № 3 (August 1974): 441. See also Cristina Blanc Szanton. Thai and Sino-Thai in Small Town Thailand: Changing Patterns of Interethnic relations, in Lim and Gosling, eds., The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 99–125.

Benjamin Nelson. The Idea of Usury: From Tribal Brotherhood to Universal Otherhood. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952: 338–345; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, 5–6; Alejandro Portes. Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview, in Alejandro Portes, ed. The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1995, 14; L. A. Peter Gosling. Changing Chinese Identities in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review, in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia 2: 4. Очень хорошее обсуждение, включающее две приведенные выше цитаты (и многие другие), содержится в работе Mark Granovetter. The Economic Sociology of Firms and Entrepreneurs, in Portes, The Economic Sociology of Immigration.

Donald L. Horowitz. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985, 119; Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 303; de Vos and Wagatsuma, Japan’s Invisible Race, 231; Werner Sombart. The Jews and Modern Capitalism. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1913, 138; Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 322–323.

Joseph C. Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 253; Gmelch, “Groups That Don’t Want In”, 320–321; Anne Sutherland. The Body as a Social Symbol among the Rom, in John Blacking, ed. The Anthropology of the Body. London: Academic Press, 1977, 376.

Тайна Израиля: “Еврейский вопрос” в русской религиозной мысли конца XIX – первой половины XX в. (СПб.: София, 1993), 251. Все переводы без атрибуции сделаны автором.

Yuri Slezkine. Naturalists versus Nations: Eighteenth-Century Russian Scholars Confront Ethnic Diversity // Representations 47 (Summer 1994): 174, 180–182; Max Weber. Ancient Judaism. Glencoe, 111: Free Press, 1952, 351–355.

Vaughn, Caste Systems, 77–79; Sutherland, The Body, 378–380; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 83–85; Axelrod, А Social and Demographic Comparison, 51–54, 61–62.

Матфей 15:11.

См. в особенности: Sutherland, The Body, and Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 102; Max Weber. The Sociology of Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1963, 109; David Nemeth. Gypsy Taskmasters, Gentile Slaves, in Matt T. Salo, ed. The American Kalderas: Gypsies in the New World. Hackettstown, N. J.: Gypsy Lore Society, North American Chapter, 1981, 29–41.

Cм.: Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 8–19; and Paul Wexler, The Case for the Relexification Hypothesis in Romani, in Julia Horvath and Paul Wexler, eds. Relexification in Creole and Non-Creole Languages. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, 100–161. Очень полезный обзор см. в: Yaron Matras. Para-Romani Revisited, in Yaron Matras. ed. The Romani Element in Non-Standard Speech. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998, 1–27.

Основные аргументы (в указанном порядке) см. в работах: (1) Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988), 103f; (2) Ian F. Hancock. The Social and Linguistic Development of Angloromani // Working Papers in Sociolinguistics, № 38 (December 1977): 1–42; also Ian F. Hancock. Is Anglo-Romanes a Creole? // Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 49, № 1–2 (1970): 41–44; (3) Norbert Boretzky and Birgit lgla. Romani Mixed Dialects, in Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous, eds. Mixed Languages: Fifteen Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT, 1994, 35–68; and Norbert Boretzky. Der Romani-Wortschatz in den Romani-Misch-Dialekten (Pararomani), in Matras, The Romani Element, 97–132; (4) Peter Bakker and Maarten Mous. Introduction, and Peter Bakker. Michif, The CreeFrench Mixed Language of the Métis Buffalo Hunters in Canada, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 1–11 and 13–33; and (5) Jakob Ladefoged. Romani Elements in Non-Standard Scandinavian Varieties, in Matras, The Romani Element, 133–164.

Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 204, 214.

Casajus, Crafts and Ceremonies, 308–309; Bollig, Ethnic Relations, 214; Hancock, The Social and Linguistic Development, 29; Anthony P. Grant, Shelta: The Secret Language of Irish Travellers Viewed as a Mixed Language, in Bakker and Mous, Mixed Languages, 135–136; R. A. Stewart Macalister. The Secret Languages of Ireland, with Special Reference to the Origin and Nature of the Shelta Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1937, 132.

Цитируется в Macalister, The Secret Languages, 134–135.

Solomon A. Birnbaum. Yiddish: A Survey and Grammar. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979, 76, 106.

Max Weinreich. History of the Yiddish Language. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980, 95–124.

Paul Wexler. The Ashkenazic Jews: A Slavo-Turkic People in Search of a Jewish Identity. Columbus: Slavica, 1993, 59–60 and passim; Dell Hymes. Introduction, in Dell Hymes, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, 76, 77–78, 86–87 (цитата взята со с. 86); см. также: Іап F. Hancock. Recovering Pidgin Genesis: Approaches and Problems, in Albert Valdman ed. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977, 277–294, esp. 289–290, and Ian F. Hancock, Appendix: Repertory of Pidgin and Creole Languages, там же, 385.

Birnbaum, Yiddish, 82 and passim; Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 29, 350–351, 599f and passim; Joshua A. Fishman. Yiddish: Turning to Life. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991, 19–35, 189–201.

О категории “смешанных языков” см.: Bakker, Michif, 25–26. Нет сомнения, что с точки зрения грамматического строя и словарного запаса идиш – германский язык; уникальными (среди германских языков) являются история его возникновения и функционирование.

Matras, Para-Romani Revisited, 21; Yaron Matras. The Romani Element in German Secret Languages, in Matras, The Romani Element, 193–194; Hancock, “Recovering Pidgin Genesis”, 290.

Weinreich, History of the Yiddish Language, 199, 605.

Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 47–59.

Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict, 168–169.

Michael J. Casimir In Search of Guilt: Legends on the Origin of the Peripatetic Niche, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 373–390; Olesen, Peddling in East Afghanistan, 36; Okely, The Traveller-Gypsies, 216.

Lancaster and Lancaster, The Function of Peripatetics, 319.

Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 143. См. также: Bonacich, А Theory of Middleman Minorities, 586.

О “корпоративном родстве” см.: William G. Davis. Social Relations in a Philippine Market: Self-Interest and Subjectivity. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973, 199–200; и Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143–146.

Sutherland, The Body, 377–378; Matt T. Salo, Gypsy Ethnicity: Implications of Native Categories and Interaction for Ethnic Classification, 78–79; Ignacy-Marck Kaminski. The Dilemma of Power: Internal and External Leadership. The Gypsy-Roma of Poland, in Rao, The Other Nomads, 332–334.

Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 42, 149; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 147–153.

Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 228–230, 241–244. Цитата взята со с. 229.

Ivan Н. Light. Ethnie Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese, Japanese, and Blacks. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972, 45–61, 81–100; Linda Y. C. Lim. Chinese Economic Activity in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Review” in Lim and Gosling, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, 1: 5; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 230; Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 111–127.

Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143; see also Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 586–587; and van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 139–144.

Цитируется в: Albert S. Lindemann. Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 5.

Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 50.

Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249; Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314; Maurice Samuel. The World of Sholom Aleichem. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943)], 131.

Detienne and Vernant, Cunning Intelligence, 47–48.

Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249.

Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314.

Jacob Katz. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 22.

Сравни: Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 103–109; Kotkin, Tribes, passim.

Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 91–95, 119; Jamsheed K. Choksy, Evil, Good, and Gender: Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History. New York: Peter Lang, 2002, 109.

Dario A. Euraque. The Arab-Jewish Economic Presence in San Pedro Sula, the Industrial Capital of Honduras: Formative Years, 1880s–1930s”, in Ignacio Klich and Jeffrey Lesser, eds. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. London: Frank Cass, 1998, 95, 109; Clark S. Knowlton. The Social and Spatial Mobility of the Syrian and Lebanese Community in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 292–293, 302–303; David Nicholls. Lebanese of the Antilles: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 339–360; Crowley, The Levantine Arabs, 139; Nancie L. Gonzalez. Dollar, Dove, and Eagle: One Hundred Years of Palestinian Migration to Honduras. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992, 93–100; Amy Chua. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday, 2003, 116, 149–150.

David Himbara. Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994, 45; Kotkin, Tribes, 103, 205–209, 229; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 310–311, 344; Chua, World on Fire, 113, 157–158.

Chua, World on Fire, 3, 36–37, 43, 34–35; Bambang Harymurti, Challenges of Change in Indonesia // Journal of Democracy 10, № 4 (1999): 9–10; Kotkin, Tribes, 165–200; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 175–176.

См., к примеру: Robert E. Kennedy, Jr. The Protestant Ethic and the Parsis // American Journal of Sociology 68, № 1 (July 1962): 11–20; Balwant Nevaskar. Capitalists without Capitalism: The Jains of India and the Quakers of the West. Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 1971; Peter L. Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds. In Search of an East Asian Development Mode! New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books, 1988; S. Gordon Redding. Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 27–42; Robert N. Bellah. Tokugawa Religion: The Cultural Roots of Modern Japan; Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985. Макс Вебер пытается доказать, что только христиане-протестанты могли создать современный капитализм, но при этом, очевидно, исходит из того, что, будучи созданным, капитализм находит некоторые религии (включая и приведенные в нашем списке) более подходящими, чем другие. См. его Sociology of Religion, гл. XV–XVI, и в особенности Ancient Judaism.

Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 19, 375. Косвенные предположения того же рода см. в Bonacich, “A Theory of Middleman Minorities”, 588; Gonzalez, Dollar, Dove, and Eagle, 81–92; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, passim.

См. в особенности: Wong-Siu-lun, Chinese Entrepreneurs and Business Trust; S. Gordon Redding, Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks; and Gary G. Hamilton. The Organizational Foundations of Western and Chinese Commerce: A Historical and Comparative Analysis, and The Theoretical Significance of Asian Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 13–26, 27–42, 43–58 and 283–298; Davis, Social Relations in a Philippine Market, 199–200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143–146; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140–143.

Francis Fukuyama. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995, 74, 85, 97–112.

Fukuyama, Там же, passim.

Eitzen, Two Minorities, 223; см. также: Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 31–34.

Nicholls, Lebanese of the Antilles, 348–349; Brenda Gayle Plummer, Race, Nationality, and Trade in the Caribbean: The Syrians in Haiti, 1903–1934 // International History Review 3, № 4 (October 1981): 517–539; Brenda Gayle Plummer. Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti, in Klich and Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants, 88–89.

Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 4–5; Winder, The Lebanese in West Africa, 300; Anthony Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, Nationalism, and the State, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 56, 69 n. 61. См. также: Kasian Tejapira, Imagined Uncommunity: The Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 75–98.

Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 155; Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 97–98; Seidenberg, Mercantile Adventurers, 203–204; Chua, World on Fire, 114. Амин цитируется по Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1972, процитированной в: Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 591.

Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 213–214, 215–219; Chua, World on Fire, 36, 44–45; Mary F. Somers Heidhues. Southeast Asia’s Chinese Minorities. Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia: Longman, 1974, 80–86; Garth Alexander. Silent Invasion: The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Macdonald, 1973, 130–143; Ben Kiernan, Kampuchea’s Ethnic Chinese under Pol Pot // Journal of Contemporary Asia 16, № 1 (1986): 18–29; Wu and Wu, Economic Development, 39–40; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 224–225; Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, 61; Harymurti, “]Challenges of Change, 9–10. Последняя цитата взята из: Abidin Kusno. Remembering/Forgetting the May Riots: Architecture, Violence, and the Making of Chinese Cultures in Post – 1998 Jakarta // Public Culture 15, № 1 (2003): 149.

См. главу 1, ссылки 50 и 52, в особенности Hamilton, The Organizational Foundations.

Nelson, The Idea of Usury.

Там же, xvi – xvii.

Цитата взята из van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140. См. также: Bonacich, А Theory of Middleman Minorities, 589.

Heinrich Heine. The Prose Writings of Heinrich Heine, ed. Havelock Ellis. New York: Arno Press, 1973, 313.

Nelson, The Idea of Usury, xvi.

Hans Aarslef. From Locke to Saussure: Essays on the Study of Language and Intellectual History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982, 281–282; Maurice Olender. The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philology in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992, p. 1–5; R. H. Robins. The History of Language Classification, in Thomas A. Sebeok, ed. Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 2. The Hague: Mouton, 1973, 7–11; Slezkine, Naturalists versus Nations, 84 and passim.

William Blake. William Blake’s Writings, ed. G. E. Bentley, Jr. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, 1: 318.

See Harold Bloom. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead, 1998.

Sutherland, The Body; John M. Efron. Medicine and the German Jews: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

Cf. Zygmunt Bauman. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Цитата о “третьем сословии” взята из: Sigmund Mayer. Ein jüdischer Kaufmann 1831–1911: Lebenserinnerungen. Leipzig, 1911, которая цитируется в: Steven Beller. Vienna and the Jews 1867–1938: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 110. См. также с. 84–121.

David S. Landes. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969: Ландес говорит в первую очередь о становлении современной технологии, но его метафора приложима к современной эпохе в целом; Calvin Goldscheider and Alan S. Zuckerman. The Transformation of the Jews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, 89; Arthur Ruppin. The Jews in the Modern World. London: Macmillan, 1934, 144–147; Ezra Mendelsohn. The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987, 28; Joseph Jacobs. Jewish Contributions to Civilization: An Estimate. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society in America, 1919, 239; Saul Friedlander. Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. New York: Harper Collins, 1997, 77; Donald L. Niewyk. The Jews in Weimar Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980, 15; William O. Mc-Cagg. Jewish Wealth in Vienna, 1670–1918, in Michael K. Silber, ed. Jews in the Hungarian Economy 1760–1945: Studies Dedicated to Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger on His Eightieth Birthday. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992, 75, 79–89; Siegmund Kaznelson, ed. Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich. Berlin: Jüdischer Vcrlag, 1959, 720–759; Niall Ferguson. The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, 7 and passim; Robert S. Wistrich. Socialism and the Jews: The Dilemmas of Assimilation in Germany and Austria-Hungary. East Brunswick, N. J.: Associated University Presses, 1982, 61, 180–181.

McCagg, Jewish Wealth in Vienna, 74–91, William O. McCagg. Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary. Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly, 1972, 16, 30, 42–43; Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, 114, 225; Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 80; Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World, 207–211; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 760–797; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 244–245; Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization, 237–246; Cecil Roth. The Jewish Contribution to Civilization. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1940, 278–283; György Lengyel. Hungarian Banking and Business Leaders between the Wars: Education, Ethnicity and Career Patterns, in Silber, Jews in the Hungarian Economy, 230; Nathaniel Katzburg. Hungary and the Jews: Policy and Legislation 1920–1943. Ramat Gan: Bar-llan University Press, 1981, 30; W. D. Rubinstein. The Left, the Right, and the Jews. London: Croom Helm, 1992, 13, 27; данные W. D. Rubinstein’a о еврейском участии в различных экономических элитах см.: в Niall Ferguson. The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700–2000. London: Allen Lane, 2001, 378; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 59–61, 180–181; о Ротшильдах см. в: Ferguson, The World’s Banker, 3, 1034–1036.

Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World, 151–153. Цитата из Гейне взята из: Jacobs, Jewish Contributions, 239–240; Janos, The Politics of Backwardness, Ch. 3; Ferguson, The World’s Banker, 7–11, 505–507 and passim, в особенности 147 и 173; Fritz Stern. Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977; Александр Герцен. Былое и думы. М.: Художественная литература, 1969, 1: 643–651.

Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 52–67. Efron, Medicine and the German Jews, 236–237. Cf. Lengyel, Hungarian Banking and Business Leaders. Среди еврейских отцов-предпринимателей Венгрии доля самостоятельно добившихся успеха людей, не имевших формального светского образования, была гораздо выше, чем среди неевреев. О непропорционально высоком представительстве евреев среди учащихся гимназий см.: Goldscheider and Zuckеrman, The Transformation of the Jews, 86; и Victor Karady, Les juifs de Hongrie sous les lois antisémites // Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, № 56 (March 1985): 28.

Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 33–34; Goldscheider and Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews, 85–87; Efron, Medicine and the German Jews, 236; Maria M. Kovâcs. Liberal Professions and Illiberal Politics: Hungary from the Habsburgs to the Holocaust. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 18; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 237.

Goldscheider and Zuckerman, The Transformation of the Jews, 90; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 38–39; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 27, 101. См. также: Kovâcs, Liberal Professions, 17–19; and Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, 30–31.

Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 38–40 (цитата взята со с. 40); Friedlduider, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 79–80; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 36–38; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 131–146; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 182–183.

John Murray Cuddihy. The Ordeal of Civility: Freud, Marx, Lévi Strauss, and the Jewish Struggle with Modernity. New York: Basic Books, 1974, 8; Milton Himmelfarb. The Jews of Modernity. New York: Basic Books, 1973, 23; Katz, Out of the Ghetto, 42–56 (the quote is on p. 45), 84; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 40–41; Hannah Arendt. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973, 59–62; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 862–914; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 79–80; Zygmunt Bauman. Exit Visas and Entry Tickets: Paradoxes of Jewish Assimilation // Telos, vol. 77 (1988): 52–53; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 33–41; István Deák. Weimar Germany’s Left-Wing Intellectuals: A Political History of the Weltbühne and Its Circle. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968, 27–28; Frederic V. Grunfeld. Prophets – without Honour: A Background to Freud, Kafka, Einstein and their World. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1979, 26–29 and passim.

Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 14–32; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 33–41; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, passim; McCagg, Jewish Nobles and Geniuses, 15–16 and passim; David Nachmansohn, German-Jewish Pioneers in Science 1900–1933: Highlights in Atomic Physics, Chemistry, and Biochemistry. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979. Гундольф цитируется no: Himmelfarb, The Jews of Modernity, 44; см. также: Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility, 8. О ротшильдовском мифе см.: Ferguson, The World’s Banker, 11–28.

Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, vol. 1. New York: John Lane, 1912, 574, 492–493, 330, 238, 232, 254, 391.

Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization, 10, 56–57.

Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 321, 343, 209, 226–227.

Там же, 237–238.

Matthew Arnold. Culture and Anarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966, 129–144.

Friedrich Nietzsche. Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future, section 195, in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, trans. and ed. by Walter Kaufmann. New York: Modern Library, 1968, 298.

Там же, section 11; Max Weber. The Protestant Ethic and the Sprit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons. London and New York: Routledge, 1995, 180–182.

Madison C. Peters. Justice to the Jew: The Story of What He Has Done for the World. New York: Trow Press, 1910, 24, 14, 29, 44, 66, 214, 207.

John Foster Fraser, The Conquering Jew (London: Cassell, 1915), 30–31, 43, 35. О евреях и рационализме см. превосходную работу Steven Beller “«Pride and Prejudice» or «Sense and Sensibility»? How Reasonable Was Anti-Semitism in Vienna, 1880–1939? in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 99–124.

Sombart, The Jews and Modem Capitalism, 254; L. B. Namier, Introduction, in Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World, xx – xxi; Fraser, The Conquering Jew, 213.

Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu. Israël chez les nations. Paris: Calmann Lfivy, 1893, 221.

Chamberlain, Foundations of the Nineteenth Century 1: 482–483; Leroy-Beaulieu, Israël chez les nations, 341–342.

Thorstein Veblen. The Intellectual Pre-Eminence of Jews in Modern Europe // Political Science Quarterly 34, № 1 (March 1919): 33–42. См. также: David Hollinger. Why Are Jews Preeminent in Science and Scholarship? The Veblen Thesis Reconsidered // Aleph 2 (2002): 145–163.

A. Jussawalla, Missing Person, цитируется в: Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 55.

Karl Marx, “On the Jewish Question”, in Early Writings. New York: Vintage Books, 1975, 211–241; Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1962, 26–27, 59–60.

Weber, The Protestant Ethic, 182.

Carl E. Schorske. Fin de siècle Vienna. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980, 129; Pierre Birnbaum. The Jews of the Republic: A Political History of State Jews in France from Gambetta to Vichy. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996.

Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 100–101.

Bauman, Exit Visas and Entry Tickets, 52–55; Лейхтер цит. no: Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 186. См. также: Birnbaum, The Jews of the Republic.

Иной взгляд на европейский канон содержится в: Harold Bloom. The Western Canon: The Book and School for the Ages. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1994.

Arnold, Culture and Anarchy, 141.

Ernest Gellner. Plough, Sword and Book: The Structure of Human History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989, 115. См. также его Nations and Nationalism, passim.

П. Я. Чаадаев. Избранные сочинения и письма (М.: Правда, 1991), 27, 32. См. также: Peter Uwe Hohendahl. Building a National Literature: The Case of Germany, 1830–1870. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989, esp. 140–73.

Осип Мандельштам. Сочинения в двух томах, т. 2. М.: Художественная литература, 1990, 14–15.

Grunfeld, Prophets without Honor, 6 (“Denk ich an Deutschland in der Nacht / Dann bin ich um den Schlaf gebracht”); Гольдштейн цит. пo: Michael Löwy. Redemption and Utopia: Jewish Libertarian Thought in Central Europe. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992, 31, и Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 78; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 150–151. См. также: Janos, The Politics of Backwardness, 117–118.

Gershom Scholem. On Jews and Judaism in Crisis: Selected Essays. New York: Schocken Books, 1976, 79; Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 151; Розенцвейг цит. пo: Sidney M. Bolkosky. The Distorted Image: German Jewish Perceptions of Germans and Germany, 1918–1935. New York: Elsevier, 1975, 16.

Владимир (Зеев) Жаботинский. Избранное. Jerusalem: Biblioteka Aliia, 1992, 28.

Там же, 160; Гольдштейн цит. по: Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 78.

Bolkosky, The Distorted Image, 13.

Чаадаев, Избранные сочинения, 28.

Otto Weininger. Sex and Character. London: William Heinemann, 1907, 308, 313.

Joseph Hayyim Brenner, Self-Criticism, in Arthur Hertzberg, ed. The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader. New York: Atheneum, 1959, 307–312.

Weininger, Sex and Character, 328.

Cм. Letter to His Father и Selections from Diaries, 1911–1923, в: The Basic Kafka. New York: Washington Square Books, 1979, 217, 191, 259, 261. См. также: Erich Heller’s introduction, xviii.

Марсель Пруст. Содом и Гоморра. М.: Художественная литература, 1987, 35.

Там же, 104; Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 82.

Ulysses цитируется по изданию: James Joyce. Ulysses, ed. by Hans Walter Gabier with Wolfhard Steppe and Claus Melchior. New York: Vintage Books, 1986. Первая цифра обозначает главу, вторая – строку. Русский вариант – по пер.: С. Хоружий, В. Хинкис (М.: Терра, 1997).

Лучшие книги о марксизме и фрейдизме: Leszek Kolakowski. Main Currents of Marxism: Its Rise, Growth, and Dissolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; Ernest Gellner. The Psychoanalytic Movement, or The Cunning of Unreason. London: Paladin Grafton Books, 1988.

Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book, 34–35.

Marx, On the Jewish Question, 236, 237, 241. См. также: Cuddihy, The Ordeal of Civility, 119–120, 152–154 and passim; и Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 25–34 and passim.

Dennis B. Klein. Jewish Origins of the Psychoanalytic Movement. New York: Praeger, 1981, 93–94.

Beller, Vienna and the Jews, 17; Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 26–27; Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 91–93; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 557–561; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 95; István Deák. Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918–1919 // Slavonic and East European Review 46, № 106 (January 1968): 138–139; William O. McCagg, Jr. Jews in Revolutions: The Hungarian Experience // Journal of Social History, № 6 (Fall 1972): 78–105. Сетон-Уотсон цитируется пo: Katzburg, Hungary and the Jews, 35.

Deák, Weimar Germany’s Left-Wing Intellectuals, 28–29. Полезную дискуссию, в т. ч. цитаты из Deák, см. в: Stanley Rothman and S. Robert Lichter. Roots of Radicalism: Jews, Christians, and the New Left. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982, 84–86. Cm. также: Niewyk, The Jews in Weimar Germany, 37–38; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 561–577, 677–686; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 83–85 and passim.

Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno. Dialectic of Enlightenment. New York; Herder and Herder, 1927, 173, 187, 192, 197, 184; T. W. Adorno. Prejudice in the Interview Material, in Adorno et al., eds. Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950, 608, 618. О еврействе членов франкфуртской школы см. в: Martin Jay. Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923–1950. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1973, 31–36.

Horkheimer and Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, 43–80, esp. 43, 50, 57, 61.

Там же, 61–62.

Там же, 55.

Там же, 68–69.

Там же, 200.

Janos, The Politics of Backwardness, 177; Andrew Janos. East Central Europe in the Modern World: The Politics of the Borderlands from Pre- to Postcommunism. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000, 150–151; Jaff Schatz. The Generation: The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Communists of Poland. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991, 76, 96–97; Arthur Liebmanю Jews and the Left. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979, 46–66.

Stephen J. Whitfield. American Space, Jewish Time. Hamden, Conn: Archon Books, 1988, 125; Grunfeld, Prophets without Honor, 153.

Werner Sombart. Der proletarische Sozialismus. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1924, 1: 75–76, 2: 298–303; Николай Бердяев. Смысл истории. Опыт философии человеческой судьбы. Paris: YMCA-PRESS, 1969, 116–117, 109.

Sonja Margolina. Das Ende der Liigen: Russland und die Juden im 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Siedler Verlag, 1992, 101. Cf. Isaac Dcutscher. The Non-Jewish Jew and Other Essays. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.

Löwy, Redemption and Utopia, 136, 59–60; Лев Штернберг. Проблема еврейской национальной психологии // Еврейская старина 11 (1924): 36, 44.

Штернберг, “Проблема”, 37.

Лазарь Каганович. Памятные записки рабочего, коммуниста-большевика, профсоюзного, партийного и советско-государственного работника. М.: Вагриус, 1996, 41.

Бурная жизнь Лазика Ройтшванеца, в: И. Эренбург. Старый скорняк и другие произведения (нет изд., 1983), 115.

Schatz, The Generation, 138

Там же.

См. в особенности: Lewis S. Feuer. Generations and the Theory of Revolution // Survey 18, № 3 (Summer 1972): 161–188; Lewis S. Feuer. The Conflict of Generations: The Character and Significance of Student Movements. New York: Basic Books, 1969.

Цитируется в: McCagg, Jewish Nobles and Geniuses, 106–107.

McCagg, “Jews in Revolutions”, 96; Rudolf L. Tókés. Bela Кип and the Hungarian Soviet Republic. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967, 53; Gyorgy Borsânyi. The Life of a Communist Revolutionary, Beta Кип. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, 431; Каганович, Памятные записки, 40.