Эпоха пустоты. Как люди начали жить без Бога, чем заменили религию и что из всего этого вышло

Salman Rushdie, Joseph Anton, London: Jonathan Cape, 2012, pp. 236–237.

Thomas Nagel, Secular Philosophy and the Religious Temperament: Essays, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 8–9.

Thomas Nagel, Mind & Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Ronald Dworkin, “Religion without God,” The New York Review of Books, 4 April, 2013. См. также три Эйнштейновские лекции Дворкина, прочитанные в Бернском университете 12–14 декабря 2011 на сайте: http://www.law.nyu.edu/news: Ronald Dworkin. См. также, например, Mary Jo Nye, Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2011, pp. 289–294.

Charles Taylor, A Secular Age, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press/Harvard University Press, 2007, pp. 20, 44.

Taylor, op. cit.

Richard Kearney, Anatheism (Returning to God after God), New York: Columbia University Press, 2010.

London Times, 5 January 2011, p. 1.

О поклонении мотоциклу «Ли-Энфилд» в Индии см. «Travellers flock to find roadside comfort at the shrine where Royal Enfield is God», London Times, 5 February 2011.

Peter L.Berger (ed.), The Desecularisation of the World, Resurgent Religion and World Politics, Washington DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center/William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1999, p. 2.

Berger, op. cit.

Eben Alexander, Proof of Heaven: A Neurologist’s Journey to the Afterlife, New York: Piatkus, 2012, passim.

Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 3.

Norris and Inglehart, op. cit., p. 13.

Ibid., p. 14.

Ibid., p. 221.

Ibid., p. 16.

Ibid., p. 23.

John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge, God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World, London: Allen Lane, 2009. Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, Acts of Faith, Los Angeles, Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 2000, pp. 4, 79. London Times, 2 May 2009, pp. 58–59.

Micklethwait and Wooldridge, op. cit., p. 58, что также цитируется в London Times, 2 May 2009.

Norris and Inglehart, op. cit., p. 231. Jonathan Haidt, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion, New York and London, 2013, pp. 311–313.

Norris and Inglehart, ibid.

Nigel Biggar, “What's it all for?” Financial Times, 24 December 2008.

“God eclipsed by ghost believers,” London Daily Mail, 24 November 2008. Thomas Dumm, Loneliness as a Way of Life, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2010.

Michael Foley, The Age of Absurdity, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011. Ben Okri, “Our false oracles have failed. We need a new vision to live by,” London Times, 30 October 2009. Jeanette Winterson, “In a crisis art still asks simply that we rename what is important,” London Times, 1 November 2008.

London Times, 4 September 2009, p. 15. Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, “The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness,” American Economic Journal, vol. 1 (2), pp. 190–225, August 2009.

New York Times, 20 January 2013, p. A3.

Curtis Cate, Friedrich Nietzsche, London: Hutchinson, 2002, p. 395.

Cate, op. cit., p. 395.

Luc Ferry, L’Homme-Dieu ou le sens de la vie, Paris: Grasset, 1996. Man Made God: the Meaning of Life, trans. David Pellauer, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995. See also Ferry, What Is the Good Life?, Chicago University Press, 2009.

Ferry, Man Made God, p. 153.

Ibid., p. 180.

Ibid., p. 183.

Ibid., pp. 167, 181.

Jennifer Michael Hecht, Doubt as History: the Great Doubters and Their Legacy of Innovation, from Socrates and Jesus to Jefferson and Emily Dickinson, San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 2004, p. 371.

Owen Chadwick, The Secularisation of Europe in the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 1975, p. 89 and passim. См. также: James Thrower, The Alternative Tradition: Religion and the Rejection of Religion in the Ancient World, The Hague and New York: Mouton, 1980.

Larry Witham, The Measure of God: History’s Greatest Minds Wrestle with Reconciling Science and Religion, San Francisco, Harper, 2005, passim.

Callum Brown, The Death of Christian Britain, Understanding Secularisation 1800–2000, 2nd edn, London and New York: Routledge, 2009; см. особенно ch. 6. Olivier Roy, Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways, trans. Roy Schwartz, London: Hurst, 2010, особенно chs 4, 7.

Chadwick, op. cit., p. 133.

Steven Aschheim, The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, Ca. and Oxford, England: University of California Press, 1992, p. 17.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 19.

Ibid., p. 20.

Ibid., p. 22.

Ibid., p. 25.

Seth Taylor, Left-wing Nietzscheans: The Politics of German Expressionism, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1990. Richard Schacht (ed.), Nietzsche, Genealogy and Morality: Essays in Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals, Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1994, p. 460.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 31.

Ibid., p. 33.

Ibid., p. 39.

Ibid.

См. иное мнение у Bernard Shaw, The Sanity of Art: An Exposure of the Current Nonsense about Artists Being Degenerate, London: New Age Press, 1908.

Joachim Kohler, Nietzsche and Wagner: A Study in Subjugation, trans. Ronald Taylor, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998, chapters 4 and 9.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 40.

Ibid., p. 43.

Ibid., p. 45.

Ibid., p. 49.

Paul Bishop (ed.), A Companion to Nietzsche: Life and Works, Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2012, pp. 51–57.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 51.

Ibid., p. 52.

Ibid., p. 57.

Martin Green, Mountain of Truth: The Counterculture Begins: Ascona, 1900–1920, Hanover and London: Tufts University Press, New England, 1986, p. 185.

Green, op. cit., p. 186.

Ibid., p. 56.

Ibid., p. 68.

Ibid., p. 71.

Joachim Köhler, Zarathustra’s Secret: The Interior Life of Friedrich Nietzsche, trans. Ronald Taylor, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002, особенно глава 10.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 221.

Ibid., p. 70.

Ibid., p. 102.

Eugene L.Stelzig, Hermann Hesse’s Fictions of the Self: Autobiography and the Confessional Imagination, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 117–118.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 64.

Ibid., p. 60.

Green, op. cit., p. 95.

Ibid., p. 96.

Ibid., pp. 99–100.

Susan A.Manning, Ecstasy and the Demon: Feminism and Nationalism in the Dances of Mary Wigman, Los Angeles, Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1993, p. 127.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 102.

Ibid., p. 103.

Ibid., p. 106.

Ibid., p. 107.

Rudolf Laban, The Mastery of Movement, Plymouth: Northcote House, 1988. John Hodgson, Mastering Movement: The Life and Work of Rudolf Laban, London: Methuen, 2001, pp. 72, 82–83.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 143.

Ibid., pp. 143–144.

Tom Sandqvist, Dada East: The Romanians of Cabaret Voltaire, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006, pp. 87, 188.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 61.

Ibid., pp. 62–63.

Manning, op. cit., pp. 160–161.

Ibid., p. 115.

Neil Donohue (ed.), A Companion to the Literature of German Expressionism, Rochester, NY, Woodbridge: Camden House, 2005, pp. 175–176.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 65.

J.M.Ritchie, Gottfried Benn: The Unreconstructed Expressionist, London: Wolff, 1972.

Aschheim, op. cit., p. 68.

Ibid., p. 112.

Ibid., p. 117.

Ibid., p. 124.

Adian Del Caro, Nietzsche contra Nietzsche: Creativity and the Anti-Romantic, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.

Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. x—xii.

Peter Watson, Ideas: A History from Fire to Freud, London: Weidenfeld& Nicolson, 2005, p. 936.

Ibid., p. 935.

Edward Lurie, Louis Agassiz: a Life in Science, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1960, pp. 346–347.

Watson, op. cit, p. 944.

Гиффордские лекции – одно из наиболее выдающихся мероприятий по чтению серии лекций во всем мире. Их основоположником стал шотландский судья Эдам Гиффорд, умерший в 1887 году, который хотел поддерживать живой диалог о науке и «любых вопросах относительно представлений человека о боге или Бесконечном». Он завещал ежегодно проводить лекции в одном из четырех исторических университетов Шотландии – в Абердине, Эдинбурге, Глазго и Сент-Эндрюсе. Первые лекции были прочитаны в 1888 году, и теперь на их основе вышло более двух сотен книг, написанных самыми знаменитыми богословами, философами и учеными. Среди лекторов было восемь Нобелевских лауреатов, и здесь можно вспомнить о таких людях, как Вильям Джемс, Дж. Дж. Фрезер, Артур Эддингтон, Альфред Норт Уайтхед, Джон Дьюи, Альберт Швейцер, Карл Барт, Рейнгольд Нибур, Нильс Бор, Арнольд Тойнби, Пол Тиллих, Рудольф Бультман, Вернер Гейзенберг, Раймон Арон, Ханна Арендт, Альфред Айер, Айрис Мердок, Фримен Дайсон, Чарльз Тейлор, Аласдер Макинтайр, Мэри Миджли, Джордж Стайнер, Хилари Патнэм, Марта Нуссбаум и Роджер Скратон. В своей книге о Гиффордских лекциях Ларри Уитем называет их «окном в то столетие, когда естественные науки со всей силой столкнулись с библейской религией». На протяжении этого столетия, говорит он, в лекциях можно было наблюдать четыре этапа: столкновение великих философских систем с научным материализмом; развитие наук о материале – антропологии, психологии, физики, социологии и исторической критики, – отразившихся на понимании религии; великий бунт Запада против науки и разума – идея бога как «совершенно иного»; и наконец, когда доминирующие системы представлений исчезли (по крайней мере, на Западе), – возрождение рационального поиска бога. Многие из этих имен и тем мы еще встретим на страницах данной книги.

Menand, op. cit., pp. 357–358.

Rorty, op. cit., p. xviii.

Ibid., p. 30.

Ibid., p. 31.

Ibid., p. 33.

Ibid., p. 34.

Ibid., p. 36.

Geoffrey Hodgson and Thorbjorn Knudsen, Darwin’s Conjecture: The Search for General Principles of Social and Economic Evolution, Chicago and London: Chicago University Press, 2010, pp. 229–232.

Ibid., p. 50.

John J. Stuhr, 100 Years of Pragmatism: William James’s Revolutionary Philosophy, Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2010, chapters 1 and 10.

Rorty, op. cit., p. 57.

Ibid., p. 77.

Ibid., p. 78.

Jay Martin, The Education of John Dewey: A Biography, New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 439ff and 502.

Rorty, op. cit., p. 83.

Ibid., p. 87.

Henry Samuel Levinson, Santayana, Pragmatism and the Spiritual Life, Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1992, p. 174.

Levinson, op. cit., p. 155.

Ibid., p. 148.

Ibid., p. 90.

Ibid., p. 248.

Marianne S. Wokeck and Martin A. Coleman (co-eds), The Life of Reason, or, The Phases of Human Progress, by George Santayana, Introduction by James Gouinlock, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2011, pp. 81, 118–119, 183–184.

Rorty, op. cit., p. 178.

Ibid., pp. 124, 131.

Ibid., p. 51.

Ibid., p. 138.

Ibid., p. 36.

Ibid., p. 234.

Wokeck and Coleman, op. cit., pp. 150–151, 188.

Rorty, op. cit., p. 177. предыдущих и последующих разделах, взяты из моих интервью с ним.

Everett W. Knight, Literature Considered as Philosophy: The French Example, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1957, p. 19.

Knight, op. cit., pp. 21–24.

Ibid., p. 36.

Ibid., p. 43.

Ibid., p. 45.

Ibid., p. 54.

Ibid., p. 77.

Michael Roberts, T. E. Hulme, London: Faber, 1938, p. 83.

Roberts, op. cit., p. 248.

Karen Csengeri (ed.), The Collected Writings of T. E. Hulme, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994, p. 140.

Психологические исследования последних лет подтверждают идею Бергсона о двух Я. Скажем, в книге «Мышление – быстрое и медленное» (2011) лауреат Нобелевской премии Даниэль Канеман, занимавшийся экономическим поведением, делит поведение на две категории: Система 1 и Система 2, где первая более инстинктивная и интуитивная, а вторая рефлексивная и рациональная.

Tom Regan, Bloomsbury’s Prophet: G. E. Moore and the Development of His Moral Philosophy, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986, p. 35.

Regan, op. cit., p. 8.

Ibid., p. 23.

Ibid., p. 28.

Ibid., p. 169.

Thomas Baldwin, G. E. Moore, London: Routledge, 1990, part III. See also Paul Levy, G. E. Moore and the Cambridge Apostles, London: Weidenfeld&Nicolson, 1979.

Regan, op. cit., p. 202.

Ibid., pp. 209–210.

Ibid., p. 240.

Ibid., p. 265.

Ronald W. Clark, Freud: The Man and the Cause, New York: Random House, 1980, p. 349.

Clark, op. cit., p. 350.

Penguin Freud Library, Sigmund Freud, The Origins of Religion, London: 1985, p. 40 (vol. 31 of Freud’s Collected Works, p. 13).

Ibid.

Цитируется по Henry Idema III, Religion and the Roaring Twenties, A Psychoanalytic Theory of Secularization in Three Novelists: Anderson, Hemingway and Fitzgerald, Savage, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990, pp. 5–6.

Penguin Freud Library, op. cit., p. 40.

Clark, op. cit., p. 352.

Ibid., p. 355.

Peter Gay, A Godless Jew: Freud, Atheism and the Making of Psychoanalysis, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1987, p. 147.

Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New, London and New York: Thames&Hudson, 1980 and 1991, p. 9.

Hughes, op. cit., p. 10.

Ibid., p. 36.

Otto Reinert (ed.), Strindberg: A Collection of Critical Essays, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1971, p. 16.

Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane (eds), Modernism: A Guide to European Literature 1890–1930, London: Penguin Books, 1976, 1991, p. 499.

Ibid.

Errol Durbach, Ibsen the Romantic: Analogues of Paradise in the Later Plays, London: Macmillan, 1982, pp. 4–5.

Durbach, op. cit., p. 6.

Ibid., p. 7.

Bradbury and McFarlane, op. cit., p. 501.

Durbach, op. cit., p. 15.

Ibid., p. 9.

Ibid., p. 26.

Toril Moi, Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism: Art, Theater, Philosophy, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. John Northam, Ibsen: A Cultural Study, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1973, pp. 222–223.

Durbach, op. cit., p. 129.

Ibid., pp. 177–179.

Naomi Lebowitz, Ibsen and the Great World, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990, pp. 82, 95, 100, 107.

Durbach, op. cit., p. 192.

Reinert, op. cit., p. 8.

Ibid., p. 33.

John Ward, The Social and Religious Plays of Strindberg, London: Athlone Press; Atlantic Highland, NJ: Humanities Press, 1980.

Reinert, op. cit., p. 81.

J. L. Wisenthal (ed.), Shaw and Ibsen: Bernard Shaw’s The Quintessence of Ibsenism and Related Writings, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1979, pp. 30–51.

Robert F. Whitman, Shaw and the Play of Ideas, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977, p. 23.

Whitman, op. cit., p. 36.

Ibid., p. 37.

Ibid., p. 41.

Ibid., p. 42.

Sally Peters, Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996, p. 95.

Whitman, op. cit., p. 98.

Ibid., p. 109.

A. M. Gibbs, The Art and Mind of Shaw, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1983, pp. 32ff.

Whitman, op. cit., p. 131.

Ibid., p. 139.

Gareth Griffith, Socialism and Superior Brains: the Political Thought of Bernard Shaw, London: Routledge, 1993, p. 159.

Whitman, op. cit., p. 201.

Ibid., pp. 208–209.

Ibid., p. 226.

Bernard Shaw, John Bull’s Other Island; and Major Barbara; also How He Lied to Her Husband, London: Constable, 1911.

Whitman, op. cit., p. 236.

Ibid., p. 242.

J. L. Wisenthal, Shaw’s Sense of History, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, pp. 121ff.

Whitman, op. cit., p. 278.

Ibid., p. 286.

Joe Andrew, Russian Writers and Society in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century, London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 152.

Andrew, op. cit., p. 153.

Ibid., p. 163.

Ibid., p. 168.

Philip Callo, Chekhov: The Hidden Ground: A Biography, London: Constable, 1998, p. 296.

Andrew, op. cit., p. 184.

Ibid., p. 189.

Robert Hughes, The Shock of the New: Art and the Century of Change, London and New York: Thames&Hudson, 1980, 1991, p. 9.

Hughes, op. cit., pp. 118–121.

Ibid., p. 124.

Ibid., p. 114.

Delmore Schwartz, Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon along the Seine [a pamphlet], Warwick: Greville Press, 2011.

Hughes, op. cit., p. 139.

Ibid., p. 141.

Christine Poggi, Inventing Futurism: the Art and Politics of Artificial Optimism, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009, pp. 1–16.

Hughes, op. cit., p. 61.

Ibid., p. 273.

Ibid., p. 277.

Ibid.

Shattuck, op. cit., p. 32.

Ibid., p. 33.

Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France 1885 to World War 1, London and New York: Vintage, 1968, p. 40.

Hanna Segal, Dreams, Phantasy and Art, Hove: Brunner—Routledge, 1991, pp. 86–87.

Hughes, op. cit., p. 41.

Ibid., p. 331.

David A. Wragg, Wyndham Lewis and the Philosophy of Art in Early Modernist Britain: Creating a Political Aesthetic, Lewiston, NY: Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 2005, p. 336.

Hughes, op. cit., p. 345.

Ibid., p. 348.

Everett Knight, Literature Considered as Philosophy: The French Example, London: Routledge&Kegan Paul, 1957, p. 97.

Harold March, Gide and the Hound of Heaven, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1952, p. 312.

March, op. cit., p. 231.

Knight, op. cit., p. 81.

March, op. cit., pp. 262, 362.

Ibid., p. 385.

Knight, op. cit., p. 98.

March, op. cit., p. 298.

Knight, op. cit., p. 99.

Ibid., p. 105.

Ibid., p. 112.

Roger Kempf, Avec André Gide, Paris: Grasset, 2000, p. 45.

Knight, op. cit., p. 123.

Pericles Lewis, Religious Experience and the Modernist Novel, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 57.

Ross Posnock, The Trial of Curiosity: Henry and William James and the Challenge of Modernity, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 29–34.

Lewis, op. cit., p. 55.

Ibid., p. 57.

Ibid., p. 60.

Ibid., p. 61.

William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, New York: Longmans Green, 1925 (35th imp.). See also Michael Ferrari (ed.), The Varieties: Centenary Essays, Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2002.

Lewis, op. cit., p. 78.

Rosalynn D. Haynes, H. G.Wells: Discoverer of the Future, London and Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1980, p. 242.

Haynes, op. cit., p. 86.

Ibid., p. 96.

Ibid., p. 124.

Ibid., pp. 125–127.

Michael Sherborne, H. G.Wells: Peter Owen, 2010, p. 239.

Haynes, op. cit., p. 95.

W. Warren Wagar, H. G.Wells: Traversing Time, Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 2004, chapters 3, 6, 9 and 11.

Haynes, op. cit., pp. 148–150.

Ibid., p. 151.

См.: John Partington, Building Cosmopolis: The Political Thought of H. G.Wells, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003, chapter 3 (общий контекст).