Долой среднее! Новый манифест индивидуальности

“USAF Aircraft Accidents, February 1950,” Accident-Report.com, http://www.accident-report.com/Yearly/1950/5002.html.

Francis E. Randall et al., Human Body Size in Military Aircraft and Personal Equipment (Army Air Forces Air Materiel Command, Wright Field, Ohio, 1946), 5.

United States Air Force, Anthropometry of Flying Personnel by H. T. Hertzberg et al., WADC – TR–52–321 (Dayton: Wright-Patterson AFB, 1954).

Gilbert S. Daniels, interviewed by Todd Rose, May 14, 2014.

Обзор данного подхода к типированию см. в работе W. H. Sheldon et al., Atlas of Man (New York: Gramercy Publishing Company, 1954).

Earnest Albert Hooton, Crime and the Man (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1939), 130.

Gilbert S. Daniels, “A Study of Hand Form in 250 Harvard Men” (неопубликованные тезисы к дополнительному курсу на факультете антропологии, Harvard University, 1948).

Daniels, interview.

Gilbert S. Daniels, The “Average Man”? TN-WCRD–53–7 (Dayton: Wright-Patterson AFB, Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Lab, 1952).

Daniels, The “Average Man”?, 3.

Josephine Robertson, “Are You Norma, Typical Woman? Search to Reward Ohio Winners,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 9, 1945.

Anna G. Creadick, Perfectly Average: The Pursuit of Normality in Postwar America (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010). Примечание: ознакомиться со скульптурами можно в библиотеке Harvard Countway Library; “CLINIC: But Am I Normal?” Remedia, November 5, 2012, http://remedianetwork.net/2012/11/05/clinic-but-am-i-normal/; Harry L. Shapiro, “A Portrait of the American People,” Natural History 54 (1945): 248, 252.

Dahlia S. Cambers, “The Law of Averages 1: Normman and Norma,” Cabinet, Issue 15, Fall 2004, http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/15/cambers.php; and Creadick, Perfectly Average.

Bruno Gebhard, “The Birth Models: R. L. Dickinson’s Monument,” Journal of Social Hygiene 37 (April 1951), 169–174.

Gebhard, “The Birth Models.”

Josephine Robertson, “High Schools Show Norma New Way to Physical Fitness,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 18, 1945, A1.

Josephine Robertson, “Are You Norma, Typical Woman? Search to Reward Ohio Winners,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 9, 1945, A8; Josephine Robertson, “Norma Is Appealing Model in Opinion of City’s Artists,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 15, 1945, A1; Josephine Robertson, “Norma Wants Her Posture to Be Perfect,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 13, 1945, A1; Josephine Robertson, “High Schools Show Norma New Way to Physical Fitness,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 18, 1945, A1; Josephine Robertson, “Dr. Clausen Finds Norma Devout, but Still Glamorous,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 24, 1945, A3; “The shape we’re in.” TIME, June 18, 1945; Creadick, Perfectly Average, 31–35.

Josephine Robertson, “Theater Cashier, 23, Wins Title of Norma, Besting 3,863 Entries,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 23, 1945, A1.

Robertson, “Theater Cashier,” A1.

Robertson, “Theater Cashier,” A1.

Daniels, The “Average Man”? 1.

Daniels, The “Average Man”?

Daniels, interview.

Kenneth W. Kennedy, International anthropometric variability and its effects on aircraft cockpit design. No. AMRL-TR-72-45. (Медицинская исследовательская лаборатория ВВС, Wright-Patterson AFB OH, 1976.); пример использования стандартов дизайна см. у Douglas Aircraft Company, El Segundo, California, Service Information Summary, Sept. – Oct., 1959.

E. C. Gifford, Compilation of Anthropometric Measures of US Navy Pilots, NAMC-ACEL–437 (Philadelphia: U.S. Department of the Navy, Air Crew Equipment Laboratory, 1960).

L. Todd Rose et al., “The Science of the Individual,” Mind, Brain, and Education 7, no. 3 (2013): 152–158. See also James T. Lamiell, Beyond Individual and Group Differences: Human Individuality, Scientific Psychology, and William Stern’s Critical Personalism (Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2003).

“Miasma Theory,” Wikipedia, June 27, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasma_theory.

“Infectious Disease Timeline: Louis Pasteur and the Germ Theory of Disease,” ABPI, http://www.abpischools.org.uk/topic/infectiousdiseases-timeline/4/0.

Michael B. Miller et al., “Extensive Individual Differences in Brain Activations Associated with Episodic Retrieval Are Reliable Over Time,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14, no. 8 (2002): 1200–1214.

K. J. Friston et al., “How Many Subjects Constitute a Study?” Neuroimage 10 (1999): 1–5.

Michael Miller, interviewed by Todd Rose, September 23, 2014.

Miller, interview.

L. Cahill et al., “Amygdala Activity at Encoding Correlated with Long-Term, Free Recall of Emotional Information,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 93 (1996): 8016–8021; I. Klein et al., “Transient Activity in the Human Calcarine Cortex During Visual-Mental Imagery: An Event-Related fMRI Study,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12 (2000): 15–23; S. M. Kosslyn et al., “Individual Differences in Cerebral Blood Flow in Area 17 Predict the Time to Evaluate Visualized Letters,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8 (1996): 78–82; D. McGonigle et al., “Variability in fMRI: An Examination of Intersession Differences,” Neuroimage 11 (2000): 708–734; S. Mueller et al., “Individual Variability in Functional Connectivity Architecture of the Human Brain,” Neuron 77, no. 3 (2013): 586–595; L. Nyberg et al., “PET Studies of Encoding and Retrieval: The HERA model,” Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 3 (1996): 135–148; C. A. Seger et al., “Hemispheric Asymmetries and Individual Differences in Visual Concept Learning as Measured by Functional MRI,” Neuropsychologia 38 (2000): 1316–1324; J. D. Watson et al., “Area V5 of the Human Brain: Evidence from a Combined Study Using Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging,” Cerebral Cortex 3 (1993): 79–94. Следует учесть, что индивидуальность прослеживается даже в гемодинамической реакции. См. G. K. Aguirre et al., “The Variability of Human, BOLD Hemodynamic Responses,” Neuroimage 8 (1998): 360–369.

Miller, interview, 2014.

Miller, interview, 2014.

Полное имя ученого Ламберт Адольф Жак Кетле. Сведения о биографии и взглядах см. в работах Alain Desrosie`res, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), chap. 3; K. P. Donnelly, Adolphe Quetelet, Social Physics and the Average Men of Science, 1796–1874 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2015); Gerd Gigerenzer et al., The Empire of Chance: How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability: A Philosophical Study of Early Ideas about Probability, Induction and Statistical Inference (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); T. M. Porter, The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820–1900 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Stephen M. Stigler, The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986); Stephen M. Stigler, Statistics on the Table: The History of Statistical Concepts and Methods (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).

Stigler, History of Statistics, 162.

Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 47.

Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 47–48.

T. M. Porter, “The Mathematics of Society: Variation and Error in Quetelet’s Statistics,” British Journal for the History of Science 18, no. 1 (1985): 51–69, citing Quetelet, “Memoire sur les lois des naissances et de la mortalite a Bruxelles,” NMB 3 (1826): 493–512.

Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 104.

I. Hacking, “Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers,” Humanities in Society 5 (1982): 279–295.

C. Camic and Y. Xie, “The Statistical Turn in American Social Science: Columbia University, 1890 to 1915,” American Sociological Review 59, no. 5 (1994): 773–805; and I. Hacking, “Nineteenth Century Cracks in the Concept of Determinism,” Journal of the History of Ideas 44, no. 3 (1983): 455–475.

Porter, Rise of Statistical Thinking, 95.