100 преимуществ медитации. Научные исследования о позитивном влиянии медитационных практик на здоровье и качество жизни человека
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American Mindfulness Research Association (AMRA). https://goamra.org/
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Количество рандомизированных контролируемых испытаний, связанных с майндфулнесс, возрос с одного в период с 1995 по 1997 год до 11 с 2004 по 2006 год, до колоссальных 216 с 2013 по 2015 годы, согласно статье: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/04/harvard-researchers-study-how-mindfulness-may-change-the-brain-in-depressed-patients/.
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4595910/
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Luberto C.M., Shinday N., Song R. et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effects of Meditation on Empathy, Compassion, and Prosocial Behaviors. Mindfulness 9, 708—724 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0841-8; Van Dam N.T., van Vugt M.K., Vago D.R. at al. Reiterated Concerns and Further Challenges for Mindfulness and Meditation Research: A Reply to Davidson and Dahl. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2018. 13 (1): 66—69. doi:10.1177/1745691617727529; Kreplin U., Farias M. & Brazil I.A. The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2018. 8, 2403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20299-z.
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Dorjee D. Definition of contemplative science: the metacognitive ability of self-regulation of the mind, the context of meditation practice and the methods of existential awareness. Front Psychol. 2016 November 17; 7: 1788. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.01788.
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Детальное описание медитационных практик в различных созерцательных традициях (индуизме, буддизме, христианстве и т.п.) представлено в книге Неаполитанский С. М. «Энциклопедия медитации» (готовится к публикации издательством PARC)
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Walsh R., Shapiro Sh. «The meeting of meditative disciplines and western psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue». American Psychologist. 2006. 61 (3): 227—39. doi:10.1037/0003—066X.61.3.227.
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Ospina M. B., Bond K., Karkhaneh M., Tjosvold L., Vandermeer B., Liang Y. et al. Meditation Practices for Health: State of the Research. Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 155. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 2008. Available Online a https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/n/erta155/.
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https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/richard-davidson-well-being/
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Amihai I., Kozhevnikov M. Arousal vs. Relaxation: A Comparison of the Neurophysiological and Cognitive Correlates of Vajrayana and Theravada Meditative Practices. PLoS ONE. 2014. 9 (7): e102990. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102990.
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Lutz A.; Slagter H. Dunne J. D.; Davidson R.J. «Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation». Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2008. 12 (4): 163—69. doi:10.1016/j. tics.2008.01.005
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Лутц и соавторы предлагают использовать термин «открытое наблюдение» вместо распространенного термина «майндфулнесс» (Lutz A. at al. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation». Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2008. 12 (4): 163—69.)
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Mehrmann C., Karmacharya R. Principles and Neurobiological Correlates of Concentrative, Diffuse, and Insight Meditation. Harvard Review of Psychiatry: July/August 2013. Vol. 21. Is. 4. p. 205—218. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0b013e31828e8ef4
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Vago D.R., Silbersweig D.A. Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): a framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012 Oct 25; 6:296. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296.
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Например, в Йога-сутрах описываются различные стадии сосредоточения: дхарана, фиксация на объекте; дхьяна, длительное и устойчивое удержание внимания на объекте; самадхи, состояние поглощенности объектом, в поле внимания остается только объект сосредоточения. Также в сутрах и комментаторских работах указываются различные модификации самадхи.
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Dahl C.J., Lutz A., Davidson R.J. Reconstruction and deconstruction of the self: cognitive mechanisms in the practice of meditation. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015. 19 (9): 515—23. doi: 10.1016 / j. tics.2015.07.07.001.
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Koike M., Cardoso R. Meditation can produce beneficial effects to prevent cardiovascular disease. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 2014. 18 (3), pp. 137—143. doi:10.1515/hmbci-2013-0056
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Olex S., Newberg A., Figueredo V.M. Meditation: should a cardiologist care? Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 3; 168 (3): 1805—10. doi: 10.1016 / j. ijcard.2013.06.0.086.
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Ишемическая болезнь сердца – болезнь кровеносных сосудов, снабжающих кровью сердечную мышцу. Основные причины сердечно-сосудистых катастроф две: атеротромбоз и артериальная гипертония.
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https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/about_cvd/ru/ В 2030 году от ССЗ, в основном от болезней сердца и инсульта, умрет около 23,6 миллиона человек. По прогнозам, эти болезни останутся основными причинами смерти.
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Goldstein Y. A., Chinnayan K.M., Abidov A. et al. CT-STAT study (coronary computed tomography angiography for the systematic sorting of patients with acute chest pain). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 September 27; 58 (14): 1414—1422.
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Lichtman JH., Bigger J.T. Jr., Blumenthal J.A. et al. AHA Scientific Advice. Depression and coronary heart disease. Recommendations for screening, referral and treatment. Scientific advice from the American Heart Association’s Prevention Committee under the Cardiovascular Nursing Council, the Clinical Cardiology Board, the Epidemiology and Prevention Council, and the Interdisciplinary Board for Researching Quality of Care. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. March 2009 24 (1): 19—26. Reprinted from: Circulation. 2008 Oct 21; 118 (17): 1768—1775.
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Delui M.Kh., Jari M., Houinejad G., Amini M., Bayazi M.Kh. Comparison of heart rehabilitation programs in combination with relaxation and meditation techniques to reduce depression and anxiety in patients with cardiovascular disease. Outdoor Cardiovasc Med J. 2013. 7: 99—103;
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Hughes J.V., Fresco D.M., Mayerskou R., Van Dulman M.Kh., Karlson L.E., Josephson R. A randomized controlled trial of stress reduction based on attentiveness in hypertension. Psychosome Honey. October 2013. 75 (8): 721—728.
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Reinfort M.V., Schneider R.Kh., Nidich S.I., Gaylord-King S., Salerno Y.V., Anderson Y.V. Stress Reduction Programs in Patients with High Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Hypertens Rep. December 2007; 9 (6): 520—528.
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Anderson J.V., Liu S., Ratio R.J. Blood pressure response to transcendental meditation: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. March 2008. 21 (3): 310—316.
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Brooke R.D., Appel L.J., Rubenfire M. et al. In addition to drugs and diets: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. June 2013. 61 (6): 1360—1383.
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Jayadevappa R., Johnson J.C., Bloom B.S., et al. Effectiveness of transcendental meditation on functional capacity and quality of life of African Americans with congestive heart failure: a randomized control study. Ethn Dis. 2007 Winter; 17 (1):72—77. Erratum in. Ethn Dis. 2007 Summer;17 (3):595
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Schneider R.H., Grim C.E., Rainforth M.V. et al. Stress reduction in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a randomized, controlled trial of transcendental meditation and health education in blacks. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Results. November 2012; 5 (6): 750—758.
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См. Selected Treatment Options for Hyperlipidemia. Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 2018. Vol. 24, No. 5 https://doi.org/10.1089/act.2018.29187.cru
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Кортизол – биологически активный гормон, производимый корой надпочечников. Одна из его функций формирование защитных реакций на внешние угрозы и стрессовые ситуации. Он усиливает сердцебиение, повышает артериальное давление. Избыток кортизола приводит к повышению артериального давления, уровня сахара в крови, к увеличению веса, истончению кожи, к усталость и бессоннице. Высокий уровень кортизола в течение длительного времени повышает риск инсульта, диабета, ожирения и сердечного приступа.
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Ray I.B., Menezes A.R., Malur P., Hiltbold A.E., Reilly J.P., Lavi S.J. Meditation and coronary heart disease: a review of current clinical data. Oxner J. Winter 2014; 14 (4): 696—703.
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Дислипидемия – нарушение липидного обмена в крови.
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Walton K.G., Fields D.Z., Levitsky D.K., Harris D.A., Pugh N.D., Schneider R.H. Reducing the risk of cortisol and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: a pilot study using the Transcendental Meditation program. Ann NY Acad Sci. December 2004. 1032: 211—215.
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Reich R.R., Lengacher C.A., Alinat C.B. et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction in post-treatment breast cancer patients: Immediate and sustained effects across multiple symptom clusters. J Pain Symptom Manage 53:85—95, 2017..
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Schellekens M.P.J., van den Hurk D.G.M., Prins J.B., et al: Mindfulness-based stress reduction added to care as usual for lung cancer patients and/or their partners: A multicentre randomized controlled trial. Psychooncology. March 23, 2017.
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Lengacher C.A., Reich R.R., Paterson C.L. et al. Examination of broad symptom improvement resulting from mindfulness-based stress reduction in breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 34:2827—2834, 2016.
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Harinath K., Malhotra A.S., Pal K. et al. The influence of hatha yoga and Omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory activity, psychological profile and secretion of melatonin. J Altern Complement Med. 2004; 10: 261—8.
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Carlson L.E., Beattie T.L., Giese‐Davis J., Faris P., Tamagawa, R., Fick L.J., Degelman E.S., Speca M. Mindfulness‐based cancer recovery and supportive‐expressive therapy maintain telomere length relative to controls in distressed breast cancer survivors. Cancer. 2015. 121: 476—484. doi:10.1002/cncr.29063
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Le Nguyen K.D. Lin J., Algoe S.B. at al. Loving-kindness meditation slows biological aging in novices: Evidence from a 12-week randomized controlled trial, Psychoneuroendocrinology, V. 108, 2019. P. 20—27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.05.020
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Kraemer К. М., McLeish А. Evaluating the role of mindfulness in terms of asthma-related outcomes and depression and anxiety symptoms among individuals with asthma, Psychology, Health & Medicine, 2019. 24:2, 155—166, DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2018.1529326
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Kabat-Zinn J., Wheeler E., Light T., Skillings. A, Scharf M.J., Cropley T.G., Hosmer D., Bernhard J.D. Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosom Med. 1998 Sep-Oct; 60 (5):625—32.
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Bhasin M.K., Denninger J.V., Huffman J.S. at al. Specific transcriptome changes associated with a decrease in blood pressure in patients with hypertension after training with a response to relaxation. J Altern Complement Med. May 2018. 24 (5): 486—504. doi: 10.1089 / acm.2017.0053.
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Tavee J., Rensel M., Planchon S.M., Butler R.S., Stone L. The effect of meditation on pain and quality of life in multiple sclerosis and peripheral neuropathy: an experimental study. Int J MS Care. Winter 2011; 13 (4): 163—8. doi: 10.7224 / 1537-2073-13.4.163. PMID: 24453721; PMCID: PMC3882962.
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Дивергентное мышление позволяет генерировать много новых идей. Он измеряется с помощью так называемого метода «Задачи альтернативного использования», когда участники должны продумать как можно больше вариантов использования конкретного объекта. Конвергентное мышление, с другой стороны, представляет собой процесс, посредством которого генерируется одно возможное решение для конкретной проблемы. Это измеряется с помощью метода Remote Associates Task.
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Апоптоз – регулируемый процесс программируемой гибели клеток, в результате которого клетка распадается на отдельные апоптотические тельца, ограниченные плазматической мембраной. В организме среднестатистического взрослого человека в результате апоптоза погибает ежедневно порядка 50—70 миллиардов клеток. Эритроцитов, других короткоживущих клеток, ежедневно погибает около 2 миллиардов. Общее количество клеток оценивается в размере 100 триллионов. Для среднестатистического ребенка в возрасте от 8 до 14 лет число клеток, погибших путем апоптоза, составляет порядка 20—30 миллиардов в день. (Banfalvi G. Apoptotic chromatin changes. Springer science, 2009.)
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См. также систематический обзор и мета-анализ влияния медитации на эмпатию, сострадание и просоциальное поведение:. Luberto C.M., Shinday N., Song R. at al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of meditation on empathy, compassion, and prosocial behavior. Mindfulness (New York). June 2018. 9 (3): 708—724. doi: 10.1007 / s12671-017-0841-8.
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З. Фрейдом определил следующим образом эмпатию: «Мы учитываем психическое состояние пациента, ставим себя в это состояние и стараемся понять его, сравнивая его со своим собственным»
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Аддиктивное поведение (англ. addiction – зависимость, пагубная привычка) – форма девиантного поведения, которая выражается в стремлении уйти от реальности посредством изменения своего психического состояния.
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В исследование рассматривались подходы MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) и MBTI (Mindfulness-based therapy for insomnia)
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Практический курс лечения бессонницы на основе осознанности (MBTI) представлен в книге: Jason C. Ong. Mindfulness-Based Therapy for Insomnia. Pub: American Psychological Association, 2016.
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Диспозиционная осознанность (внимательность) может быть описана как умственная способность обращать внимание на настоящий момент без суждения.
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В литературе можно встретить и другие варианты перевода этого термина, например: понимание чужого сознания, теория намерений, теория сознания, модель психики человека и пр.
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Campbell Systematic Reviews – журнал с открытым доступом, подготовленный под редакцией журнала Campbell Collaboration. Журнал публикует систематические обзоры, карты фактических данных и пробелов, а также методические исследования. Он является членом Центра открытых научных отчетов, поэтому придерживаются рецензирования и публикации запланированных методов в качестве протокола, чтобы минимизировать предвзятость.
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Cahn B.R., Delorme A., Polich J. Event-related delta, theta, alpha and gamma correlates to auditory oddball processing during Vipassana meditation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2013 Jan; 8 (1):100—11. doi: 10.1093/scan/nss060.
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Также см. систематический обзор: Lomas T., Ivtzan I., Fu C.H. A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Oct;57:401—10. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.018; Wong W.P. at al. Spectral power and functional connectivity changes during mindfulness meditation with eyes open: A magnetoencephalography (MEG) study in long-term meditators. Int J Psychophysiol. 2015 Oct;98 (1):95—111. doi: 10.1016/j. ijpsycho.2015.07.006.
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Ноцицепция; ноциперцепция – это активность в афферентных (чувствительных) нервных волокнах периферической и центральной нервной системы, возбуждаемая разнообразными стимулами, обладающими пульсирующей интенсивностью.
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